Wearing the marks of violence: Unusual trauma patterning at Coyo Oriental, Northern Chile

Torres‐Rouff, Christina; Hübbe, Mark; Pestle, William J.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23600

Cited by 12 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Moreover, none of the individual modeled age ranges extend until even the middle of the 10 th century AD (calibrated). This finding is in line with earlier observations that the Coyo ayllu, for example, shows distinct patterns of trauma (Torres-Rouff et al 2018) and the presence of exotic tropical diseases (Costa Junqueira et al 2009;Marsteller et al 2011;Costa Junqueira and Llagostera 2014), as compared with many of its neighbors.…”

Section: Inter-ayllusupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This finding buttresses the archaeological and bioarchaeological literature showing significant differences and inequalities between ayllus during the Middle Period. For example, our previous research has documented radical differences in the presence of violent injury between individuals interred at different cemeteries in this period (Torres-Rouff 2011;Torres-Rouff et al 2018), while, simultaneously, other aspects of mortuary treatment (e.g., the provisioning of Negro Pulido ceramics) are standardized to the point of ubiquity across time and ayllus (Stovel 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we also suspect that it may have obscured nuances internal to the periods. As such, to be able to contribute to a larger discussion about the ways in which inequality shaped life experiences in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (e.g., Llagostera et al 1988;Neves and Costa 1998;Torres-Rouff 2011;Hubbe et al 2012;Figueroa et al 2013;Salazar et al 2014;Torres-Rouff et al 2018), and to connect phenomena occurring in the oases with happenings in the broader Andean region, a more nuanced mapping of the chronological dimensions of San Pedro de Atacama's prehistory is required. Indeed, a better understanding of the temporal patterns of the San Pedro cemeteries, and the individuals within them, forms a foundational aspect of the study of social inequalities in the ancient southern Andes by allowing us to explore the ways in which inequality manifests in the body and the mortuary context over time and space.…”

Section: Statement Of Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that time does not distinguish the cemeteries, the concurrent use of these two separate cemetery precincts may represent social distinctions internal to that ayllu. The established distinctions in mortuary goods, for example in so-called luxury items such as metals and foreign objects, between these cemeteries may in fact reflect some form of intra-ayllu differentiation tied to social status (Oakland 1992;Costa Junqueira and Llagostera 1994;Cocilovo et al 2011;Torres-Rouff et al 2018).…”

Section: Coyomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bounding Middle Period Cemetery Use in San Pedro De Atacama, Chile

et al. 2020

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The San Pedro de Atacama oases, located in northern Chile’s hyperarid Atacama Desert, have been occupied for at least 3000 years. Here, we examine cemetery use in the oases, with emphasis on the Middle Period (ca. AD 400–1000). By modeling of a large corpus (n=243) of radiocarbon dates, over 90% of which are direct AMS assays of human bone collagen, we attempt to establish a temporal framework by which to explore the establishment of formalized social inequality in this period. Modeling of these dates at three locally defined scales (all ayllus, inter-ayllu, and intra-ayllu) permit heretofore unavailable insights into the chronological and spatial dimensions of life and mortuary activity in the oases and allow us to better contextualize patterns of social inequality during the dynamic Middle Period. The results of this modeling indicate two distinct peaks of occupation during the Middle Period in San Pedro and document significant temporal variability in cemetery use patterns on both inter- and intra-ayllu scales. These results stress the importance of local social and environmental factors to the occupation of the oases and provide crucial chronological structure for future archaeological and bioarchaeological research in the region.

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Section: Inter-ayllusupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statement Of Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Coyomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bounding Middle Period Cemetery Use in San Pedro De Atacama, Chile

et al. 2020

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“…The 67.0% adult cranial trauma rate at Uraca is the highest of any published studies from contemporaneous populations in southern Peru and surrounding parts of the Andes (Andrushko & Torres, ; Fouant, ; Juengst & Skidmore, ; Kellner, ; Kurin, ; Lessa & Souza, ; Torres‐Rouff, ; Torres‐Rouff, Hubbe, & Pestle, ; Tung, , ; Whalen, ). This high frequency—for both males and females—suggests that violence was endemic in this part of the Majes valley for several centuries in the EIP and early MH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Scaffidi

Tung

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: This study examines violence-related cranial trauma frequencies and wound characteristics in the pre-Hispanic cemetery of Uraca in the lower Majes Valley, Arequipa, Peru, dating to the pre-and early-Wari periods . Cranial wounds are compared between status and sex-based subgroups to understand how violence shaped, and was shaped by, these aspects of identity, and to reconstruct the social contexts of violence carried out by and against Uracans. Materials and Methods: Presence, location, and characteristics (lethality, penetration, and post-traumatic sequelae) of antemortem and perimortem cranial fractures are documented for 145 crania and compared between subgroups. Cranial wounds are mapped in ArcGIS and the locational distribution of injuries is compared between male and female crania.Results: Middle adult males were disproportionately interred at Uraca, particularly in the elite Sector I. The Uraca mortuary population presents the highest rate of cranial trauma reported for pre-Hispanic Peru: 67% of adults present trauma, and among those, 61.1% present more than one cranial injury. Males exhibit significantly more cranial trauma than females and present a higher mean number of injuries per person.Elite males show the highest mean number of injuries per person, more antemortem injuries, and are the only ones with perimortem cranial trauma, bladed injuries, penetrating injuries, and post-traumatic sequelae. Both sexes were most frequently injured on the anterior of the cranium, while the proportion of posterior injuries was higher for females.Discussion: The rate, intensity, and locational patterns of cranial trauma suggests the community was engaged in raids and/or war with enemy groups, some of which may have increased physical violence between community members. Engaging in violence was likely a prerequisite for burial in the elite sector and was bound up with the generation and maintenance of social status differences linked to male social life.

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Prevalence of cranial trauma in Eurasian Upper Paleolithic humans

Beier

Anthes

Wahl

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: This study characterizes patterns of cranial trauma prevalence in a large sample of Upper Paleolithic (UP) fossil specimens (40,000-10,000 BP). Materials and Methods: Our sample comprised 234 individual crania (specimens), representing 1,285 cranial bones (skeletal elements), from 101 Eurasian UP sites. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess trauma prevalence in relation to age-at-death, sex, anatomical distribution, and between pre-and post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples, while accounting for skeletal preservation. Results: Models predicted a mean cranial trauma prevalence of 0.07 (95% CI 0.003-0.19) at the level of skeletal elements, and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08-0.48) at the level of specimens, each when 76-100% complete. Trauma prevalence increased with skeletal preservation. Across specimen and skeletal element datasets, trauma prevalence tended to be higher for males, and was consistently higher in the old age group. We found no time-specific trauma prevalence patterns for the two sexes or age cohorts when comparing samples from before and after the LGM. Samples showed higher trauma prevalence in the vault than in the face, with vault remains being affected predominantly in males. Discussion: Cranial trauma prevalence in UP humans falls within the variation described for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. According to our current dataset, UP males and females were exposed to slightly different injury risks and trauma distributions, potentially due to different activities or behaviors, yet both sexes exhibit more trauma among the old. Environmental stressors associated with climatic changes of the LGM are not reflected in cranial trauma prevalence. To analyze trauma in incomplete skeletal remains we propose GLMMs as an informative alternative to crude frequency calculations.

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Wearing the marks of violence: Unusual trauma patterning at Coyo Oriental, Northern Chile

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Bounding Middle Period Cemetery Use in San Pedro De Atacama, Chile

Bounding Middle Period Cemetery Use in San Pedro De Atacama, Chile

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Prevalence of cranial trauma in Eurasian Upper Paleolithic humans

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