“…A disadvantage of titanium-based alloys is their high friction and poor wear resistance [3,4]. To overcome this problem, various surface composite layers were fabricated on Ti-based alloys using hard ceramic particles such as SiC [5,6], B 4 C [7], TiN [8], TiC [9,10], TiB 2 [11,12], and Ti 3 Al [13]. These hard particles were introduced into the surface melt pool generated by different localized heat sources e.g., electron beam [9,11], plasma torch [7,14], laser beam [5,7].…”