Abstract:Purpose
The purpose of this study, the tribological behaviors at different temperatures of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) with different amounts of ZrO2 added were investigated.
Design/methodology/approach
Aluminium graphite (A356/2 wt% graphite (solid lubricant)) composite powders prepared by adding four different amounts (3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt% and 12 wt%) of Zirconia (ZrO2) to the matrix were mechanically alloyed for 4 h. Wear tests were conducted at five different temperatures (20 °C, 100 °C, 180 °C, 26… Show more
“…This temperature increase weakened the strength and hardness of the Al matrix, resulting in plastic deformation and the skinning off of some aluminum layers. 3,47 And the wear tracks were detected due to the pullout of the TiC particles between the rubbing surfaces of the Al-TiC specimens and the surface of the wear test rig. The improvement in wear properties (decrease the weight loss) of the Al-TiC composites was due to the enhancement of the thermal stability of the produced material with the addition of TiC ceramic particles attended by hardness improvement.Figure 21.Worn surfaces of the consolidated Al-TiC composites produced using (a) 6 vol.% TiC and MT of 12 h, (b) 6 vol.% TiC and MT of 48 h, and (c) 12 vol.% TiC and MT of 48 h.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It can eliminate the agglomeration and segregation of reinforcements within the matrix and enhance the reinforcement dispersion in the matrix. 3 The MA process has widely distributed the different ceramic particles of Al 2 O 3 , SiC, B 4 C, and TiC reinforcements into AMCs. [15][16][17][18] Due to the excessive plastic deformation and rupture processes that occur under the impact of small and hard balls with the powders, MA functions as a simple mechanical milling process that produces homogenous nanocrystalline materials and composites.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aluminum-matrix composites (AMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries because of their high specific strength, low density, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and wear resistance. To enhance the aluminum (Al) matrix’s microstructure and mechanical characteristics, several ceramic-reinforced, including Al 2 O 3 , 1,2 ZrO 2 , 3 B 4 C, 4 TiB 2 , 5 SiC, 6 and TiC 7,8 have been introduced as reinforcements. Due to its high specific strength, low density, strong wear resistance, and good wettability with Al-matrix, TiC appears to be a popular choice among these ceramic particles.…”
The present work studies the mechanical alloying, consolidation, evaluation, modeling, and optimization of the Al-TiC composites mixed at different milling times (MTs) of 6, 12, 24, and 48 h and reinforced with three TiC concentrations (3, 6, and 12 vol.%). The Al-TiC composites formed via the powder metallurgy method. The XRD of the mixed powder and the consolidated composites were investigated. Furthermore, density, wear, compressive strength, and hardness have been examined for the consolidated composites. Also, the worn surface of the wear-tested composites was studied utilizing SEM analysis. The response surface methodology (RSM) was involved to clarify the effects of mechanical alloying parameters of MTs and the TiC concentrations and their interaction towards achieving their optimum process factors to produce Al-TiC composites. The RSM results prove the applied factors’ importance in improving the consolidated composites’ properties. The optimization results show the optimum parameters to produce Al-TiC composites are 28.4 MTs and 12 vol.% TiC to produce Al-TiC composites with 304.4 ± 3 MPa compressive strength, 191.21 ± 2 HV hardness, 2.88 ± 0.008 g/cm3 density, and 9.7 ± 0.01 mg weight loss. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the suggested models can virtually expect the tested responses of density, hardness, compressive strength, and weight loss with a confidence level of over 90, 98, 95, and 95%, respectively.
“…This temperature increase weakened the strength and hardness of the Al matrix, resulting in plastic deformation and the skinning off of some aluminum layers. 3,47 And the wear tracks were detected due to the pullout of the TiC particles between the rubbing surfaces of the Al-TiC specimens and the surface of the wear test rig. The improvement in wear properties (decrease the weight loss) of the Al-TiC composites was due to the enhancement of the thermal stability of the produced material with the addition of TiC ceramic particles attended by hardness improvement.Figure 21.Worn surfaces of the consolidated Al-TiC composites produced using (a) 6 vol.% TiC and MT of 12 h, (b) 6 vol.% TiC and MT of 48 h, and (c) 12 vol.% TiC and MT of 48 h.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It can eliminate the agglomeration and segregation of reinforcements within the matrix and enhance the reinforcement dispersion in the matrix. 3 The MA process has widely distributed the different ceramic particles of Al 2 O 3 , SiC, B 4 C, and TiC reinforcements into AMCs. [15][16][17][18] Due to the excessive plastic deformation and rupture processes that occur under the impact of small and hard balls with the powders, MA functions as a simple mechanical milling process that produces homogenous nanocrystalline materials and composites.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aluminum-matrix composites (AMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries because of their high specific strength, low density, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and wear resistance. To enhance the aluminum (Al) matrix’s microstructure and mechanical characteristics, several ceramic-reinforced, including Al 2 O 3 , 1,2 ZrO 2 , 3 B 4 C, 4 TiB 2 , 5 SiC, 6 and TiC 7,8 have been introduced as reinforcements. Due to its high specific strength, low density, strong wear resistance, and good wettability with Al-matrix, TiC appears to be a popular choice among these ceramic particles.…”
The present work studies the mechanical alloying, consolidation, evaluation, modeling, and optimization of the Al-TiC composites mixed at different milling times (MTs) of 6, 12, 24, and 48 h and reinforced with three TiC concentrations (3, 6, and 12 vol.%). The Al-TiC composites formed via the powder metallurgy method. The XRD of the mixed powder and the consolidated composites were investigated. Furthermore, density, wear, compressive strength, and hardness have been examined for the consolidated composites. Also, the worn surface of the wear-tested composites was studied utilizing SEM analysis. The response surface methodology (RSM) was involved to clarify the effects of mechanical alloying parameters of MTs and the TiC concentrations and their interaction towards achieving their optimum process factors to produce Al-TiC composites. The RSM results prove the applied factors’ importance in improving the consolidated composites’ properties. The optimization results show the optimum parameters to produce Al-TiC composites are 28.4 MTs and 12 vol.% TiC to produce Al-TiC composites with 304.4 ± 3 MPa compressive strength, 191.21 ± 2 HV hardness, 2.88 ± 0.008 g/cm3 density, and 9.7 ± 0.01 mg weight loss. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the suggested models can virtually expect the tested responses of density, hardness, compressive strength, and weight loss with a confidence level of over 90, 98, 95, and 95%, respectively.
“…The pitting and fretting corrosion were observed as main degradation effect on the surfaces during tests. The NaCl solution was found to be better corrosion resistance compared to H2So4 solution 37) . The influence of corrosion in Al-SiC MMCs led to development of interphases between aluminum and silicon carbide, which causes voids and cracks on the MMCs surface 3) .…”
Section: Morphology Of Corroded Almmncs Surfacementioning
confidence: 90%
“…The primary factor for the occurrence of corrosion in the material is in the form of pitting corrosion. Initiation, propagation, and perforation are the three stages in pitting corrosion which ultimately led to formation of dimples, cracks, and voids in the composite surfaces 37) . The second factor was fretting corrosion, which produces the corroded surfaces and material loss in the MMCs 40) .…”
Section: Mechanism Controlling the Corrosion Behaviormentioning
Durability in terms of life is intended as a significant factor in developing advanced materials. The enrichment in corrosion resistance of the produced progressive material can be the solution. In the current study, a nanocomposite of aluminum 6061 and cerium oxide was prepared with a stir casting route reinforced in the range of 1-3 wt.%. The corrosion and microstructural behavior were observed under parametric conditions. The exposure time (36-180 hours), temperatures (room temperature, 45 ºC, and 75 ºC), and 2.5 wt.% of Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Sulphuric acid (H2So4) solutions were chosen as parameters for examining the corrosion rate using the immersion test method. The lower corrosion resistance was noticed in aluminum metal matrix nanocomposites (AlMMNCs) reinforced with 3 wt.% of CeO2. The SEM analysis concluded voids, holes, clustering of particles, and debris kind of defects were observed in stir casting of AlMMNCs samples. The Pitting, fretting, and grain boundary corrosions were the primary degradation factors for corrosion behavior as evaluated from microstructural characteristics. The 0.116 has been observed as a significant corrosion rate in mm potential per year after 180 hours as exposure time at 75ºC in 2.5 wt.% NaCl solution.
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