Weapons against Themselves: Identification and Use of Quorum Sensing Volatile Molecules to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi Growth

Abstract

Quorum sensing (QS) is often defined as a mechanism of microbial communication that can regulate microbial behaviors in accordance with population density. Much is known about QS mechanisms in bacteria, but fungal QS research is still in its infancy. In this study, the molecules constituting the volatolomes of the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum and Cochliobolus sativus have been identified during culture conditions involving low and high spore concentrations, with the high concentration imitating overpopulation conditions (for QS stimulation). We determined that volatolomes emitted by these species in conditions of overpopulation have a negative impact on their mycelial growth, with some of the emitted molecules possibly acting as QSM. Candidate VOCs related to QS have then been identified by testing the effect of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on mycelial growth of their emitting species. The antifungal effect observed for the volatolome of F. culmorum in the overpopulation condition could be attributed to ethyl acetate, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, 3-methylbutyl ethanoate, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and pentan-1-ol, while it could be attributed to longifolene, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and ethyl acetate for C. sativus in the overpopulation condition. This work could pave the way to a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides.

Quorum Sensing as a Trigger That Improves Characteristics of Microbial Biocatalysts

“…Today the QS effect has been found in many representatives of filamentous fungi ( Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., etc.) [ 5 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. QS regulates several processes in fungi, such as physiological responses, sporulation, morphological differentiation, biofilm formation, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins and antibiotics [ 5 , 89 , 90 ].…”