Weaning practices and foods in high population‐density areas of Lusaka, Zambia

Hayes, Richard; Mwale, Jonas; Bwembya, Pheobe; Mulunga, M.K.; Vermoer, A.B.

doi:10.1080/03670244.1994.9991416

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This was due to the high intake from the food groups cereals, and roots and tubers, which contain food products with relatively low energy values, and due to the overall low fat-energy percentage of the weaning diet. Another study in Zambia investigating weaning practices in children aged 6 ± 29 months (Hayes et al, 1994), also observed low average caloric density per feeding. Secondly, the median weight of each consumed dish was 102 and 180 g for infants and toddlers respectively: this is low when compared to the maximum volume of 110 ± 200 ml for infants and 200 ± 300 ml for 1-to-3 y olds respectively, which can be eaten at one time (Cameron & Hofvander, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

et al. 1999

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of diet of rural Zambian pre-school children, and to compare the dietary intake of stunted and non-stunted children. Design: Cross-sectional study, in which dietary intake was assessed with a 24-h recall method. Height and weight were measured according to standard procedures. Setting: Twelve villages in Samfya District, Zambia. Subjects: Children aged 6 ± 9 months (`infants') and 14 ± 20 months (`toddlers'), attending Mother-and-Child Health Clinics, were eligible for study. Excluded were: 12 wasted, and 18 for other reasons. In total 106 infants and 99 toddlers were included. Results: In infants and toddlers, total daily intake of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin A was insuf®cient compared to recommended daily intakes. Only infants had insuf®cient protein intake. Compared to intake from weaning foods, breast milk was the main source of energy and most nutrients for infants. For toddlers, weaning foods were more important. Stunted infants and toddlers tended to have lower intakes of energy compared to non-stunted age-mates. Daily energy intake per kg bodyweight showed no difference between stunted and nonstunted children.Conclusions: Overall quality of weaning foods was inadequate. Stunted infants and toddlers showed a tendency of lower energy intakes compared to non-stunted age-mates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

et al. 1999

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“…However, dietary and environmental factors play major roles, with the end results being ill health and eventually death [1]. It has been reported that dietary factors such as prolonged breastfeeding (from >18 months to <24 months), low energy density of complimentary foods, factors concerning the mother (education level of the mother and low socio-economic status) and environmental factors contribute to the risk of malnutrition of children in developing countries [9,10]. The extent to which these factors affect the nutritional status of peri-urban children has not been adequately studied in Uganda.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of early childhood malnutrition and influencing factors in peri urban areas of Kabarole district, western Uganda

Turyashemererwa¹,

Kikafunda²,

Agaba³

2009

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development

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Uganda has one of the highest levels of childhood stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. It is well documented that the nutritional status of young children is one of the most sensitive indicators of sudden changes in health status and food availability, acting as a proxy indicator of socio-economic development. Kabarole District, the focus of the present study, is one of the most fertile areas in Uganda, with high per capita output of most foods. However, earlier studies in Kabarole District found that over 40% of children below five years of age were stunted. The objective of this study was, therefore, to asses the prevalence of malnutrition and the factors influencing the nutritional status of children below five years of age, in a peri-urban environment in Kabarole District, western Uganda. The study design was a cross sectional descriptive survey, using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. A questionnaire was administered to 93 caretakers of children 6-59 months in randomly selected households, which explored the various factors that could be affecting the nutritional status of the children. Key information was also sought from a focus group discussion of a few selected mothers. Results revealed that stunting was highly prevalent with 41.6% of the children stunted. Under-weight and wasting were established at 15.7% and 3.4%, respectively. Education level of mother/caretaker (p=0.02), age of child (p=0.03), receipt of information on child feeding (p=0.009), illness (p=0.004) and time of introduction of other foods (p=0031) were significantly related to child stunting. On the other hand, household size, number of meals per day and awareness about the causes of malnutrition, were non significantly associated with child stunting. These findings indicate that malnutrition, especially stunting, in this cohort of children in peri-urban areas of Kabalore District, is a big problem. Poor education levels of the mothers/caretakers and poor child feeding practices are some of the factors identified as major contributors to this problem. It is therefore recommended that appropriate nutrition interventions, particularly equipping mothers/caretakers with knowledge and skills in child feeding, child health, sanitation and other best practices for proper childcare, be put in place to address the problem of childhood malnutrition in Kabarole District and other areas in Uganda, and indeed in Sub-Saharan Africa, with similar settings.

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“…Guptill et al found that mothers' perception of the complexity of a weaning food recipe is reduced by giving them an opportunity to actually prepare the food themselves during an intervention [18]. An earlier survey of mothers indicated that kapenta was considered a good weaning food [9]. However, this response was most likely based on the contemporary nutrition education teaching that this commodity has high nutritional value.…”

Section: Pertinent Influences Which Can Modify Study Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The present survey was preceded by an assessment for the specific community of nutritional need and commodity preferences and by determination of computer-optimized blend formulas of indigenous food components, prepared by local methods [8,9]. Testing with mothers involved not only their organoleptic perceptions, but their inclination to use individual food ingredients, judgment on practical matters such as expense and ease and time of preparation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The commodities in the reported weaning food blends are listed as follows, with their range of months availability (January = 1 … December = 12). These include maize meal (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), rice (2-10), sorghum (3-10), millet (3-10), groundnuts (3-10), soybeans (4-10), bambara nuts (4-12), cowpeas (1-10), nonfat dry milk (1-12), kapenta (3-10), sugar (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) and cooking oil (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Of these, those selected by Lusaka mothers in an earlier study as being among the best foods ("mother preferred") to feed babies, included maize meal, rice, groundnuts, nonfat dry milk, kapenta, sugar and cooking oil [9].…”

Section: Selection Of Blends For Assessment By Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality characteristics and acceptability of low cost weaning blends by Zambian mothers

Hayes¹,

Zulu²,

Mulenga³

et al. 2017

AJFAND

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Stunting, and to a lesser extent wasting and undernutrition, of children under five years constitutes a serious health problem in Zambia. Although non-nutritional causes such as infection and poverty importantly exacerbate these conditions, improvements in the diets of children is vital for better health. The age interval beginning at about six months is an especially vulnerable time for children, when they are being weaned from breast milk to conventionally used cultural foods. The current study reports assessments by mothers of nine experimental weaning mixtures, formulated by computer to be low cost and nutritionally superior to maize meal alone. An incomplete block design with randomization was used to compare the nine weaning food blends, differentially constituted to address specific conditions. One group of 127 mothers (or guardians) of children 6 to 27 months judged cooked porridges prepared from the blends. The alternate group of 140 mothers of children from 5 to 30 months evaluated characteristics of uncooked porridge ingredients. Statistical analyses of hedonic scale ratings and tabulation of mothers' voluntary comments were performed. With few exceptions, blend macronutrient/energy characteristics generally conformed to proposed standards in Codex Alimentarius and other literature guidelines. Mixture levels of 20 vitamins and minerals were estimated. A rice-containing formula was most expensive and a high maize/moderate soy formulation the least costly in price assessment. Acceptability results showed that in addition to maize meal and nonfat dry milk, the most acceptable mixtures contained bambara nuts or soybeans as chief ingredients. Blends with substantial percentages of millet, sorghum, or kapenta were not ordinarily acceptable. It was observed that all four cooked porridge quality factors were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) related with each other, and that both ingredient set rating categories were likewise significantly (p ≤ 0,01) related. It is emphasized that nutrient contributions of the weaning mixtures are meant for further complementation by concurrent feeding of breast milk, by appropriate use of micronutrient powders or lipidbased micronutrient spreads, and by market or home produced foods. Acceptability results of this study may be influenced by factors such as commodity cost variations, food donations, mother education, and processing cooperatives.

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Weaning practices and foods in high population‐density areas of Lusaka, Zambia

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

Prevalence of early childhood malnutrition and influencing factors in peri urban areas of Kabarole district, western Uganda

Quality characteristics and acceptability of low cost weaning blends by Zambian mothers

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