Weaning in dogs: within- and between-litter variation in milk and solid food intake

Malm, Kerstin; Jensen, Per

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(96)01044-1

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As the requirements of growing puppies increase, milk production of mammary gland Rc3 cannot satisfy their needs; thus, puppies would progressively abandon sucking that mammary gland. This may appear a simplified approach, but there is a paucity of relevant behavioural studies in dogs (Malm and Jensen, 1996), which would have provided further evidence. However, similar findings have been repeatedly reported with lambs (Nowak, 1996; Gougoulis et al., 2008) and calves (Selman et al., 1970; Krohn, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological Features in the Mammary Glands of Female Dogs throughout Lactation

Orfanou

Pourlis

Ververidis

et al. 2010

Anat Histol Embryol

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The objective of this study was to describe the histology of the mammary glands of female dogs throughout lactation. Twelve lactating female dogs were operated 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days post-partum; four mammary glands of each animal were excised for histological, ultrastructural and morphometric examination. During early lactation and mid-lactation, all lobes and lobules within the same gland had similar features; alveoli were well developed and distended and had a spherical to slightly ovoid structure, with muscular fibres grasping them around; inflammatory cells were seen in the inter- and intra-alveolar space; mammary lobules were separated with a scant amount of connective tissue. In late lactation, connective tissue was abundant and dense, with large numbers of inflammatory cells; alveoli appeared to be irregularly shaped and collapsing, shrunken or fully collapsed. Number of alveoli per lobule and number of epithelial cells per alveolus, as well as diameter of alveoli and height of epithelial cells decreased as lactation progressed. The third mammary glands (from caudal to cranial) had a significantly smaller number of alveoli, but not of epithelial cells per alveolus, than each of the two mammary glands caudally to that. The results suggest that progressive involution of the normal mammary gland starts around the end of the 2nd month of lactation and continues until the end of the 3rd month.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological Features in the Mammary Glands of Female Dogs throughout Lactation

Orfanou

Pourlis

Ververidis

et al. 2010

Anat Histol Embryol

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“…Reasons for such results may be due to the multiple origins of such traits (e.g., Meyer et al, 2012;Mehrkam and Wynne, 2014). First of all, dog behaviour in adulthood may be significantly modified by a number of factors such as quality of milk or solid food for the young (Malm and Jensen, 1996); timing of weaning (Mogi et al, 2011); conditions during the period of socialization (De Meester et al, 2005); early experience (Scott and Fuller, 1965;McMillan et al, 2011McMillan et al, , 2013Mehrkam and Wynne, 2014), etc. The conditions in which dog breeders raise and sell puppies rarely meet the recommendations espoused in the scientific literature.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 97%

Heritability of behavioural traits in domestic dogs: A meta-analysis

Hradecká

Bartoš

Svobodová

et al. 2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…POC in mammals can begin even before the offspring is born, as is evident in the case of preeclampsia (pregnancy induced hypertension) in humans, which is induced by the high energy demands of the fetus [ 8 ]. Weaning is a complex process, and it has been argued that weaning occurs through mutual agreement between the mother and offspring, rather than through a situation of conflict [ 9 ]. In polytocous species, within litter variations in suckling abilities and weight gain of the offspring add to the complications involved in understanding the dynamics of the weaning process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pet dogs receive food from humans, and dietary supplementation by human caregivers is possible for the pups. A controlled study on pet dogs has suggested that weaning strategies might exist among pups [ 9 ] but the possibilities have not been explored further.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selfish Pups: Weaning Conflict and Milk Theft in Free-Ranging Dogs

Paul

Bhadra

2017

PLoS ONE

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Parent-offspring conflict theory predicts the emergence of weaning conflict between a mother and her offspring arising from skewed relatedness benefits. Empirical observations of weaning conflict have not been carried out in canids. In a field-based study on free-ranging dogs we observed that nursing/suckling bout durations decrease, proportion of mother-initiated nursing bouts decrease and mother-initiated nursing/suckling terminations increase with pup age. We identified the 7th - 13th week period of pup age as the zone of conflict between the mother and her pups, beyond which suckling solicitations cease, and before which suckling refusals are few. We also report for the first time milk theft by pups who take advantage of the presence of multiple lactating females, due to the promiscuous mating system of the dogs. This behaviour, though apparently disadvantageous for the mothers, is perhaps adaptive for the dogs in the face of high mortality and competition for resources.

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Weaning in dogs: within- and between-litter variation in milk and solid food intake

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Histological Features in the Mammary Glands of Female Dogs throughout Lactation

Histological Features in the Mammary Glands of Female Dogs throughout Lactation

Heritability of behavioural traits in domestic dogs: A meta-analysis

Selfish Pups: Weaning Conflict and Milk Theft in Free-Ranging Dogs

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