Weaning and the Weanling Diet Influence the Villous Height and Crypt Depth in the Small Intestine of Pigs and Alter the Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Large Intestine and Blood

Beers‐Schreurs, H.M.G. van; Nabuurs, M.J.A.; Vellenga, L.; Valk, H.; Wensing, Th.; Breukink, H. J.

doi:10.1093/jn/128.6.947

Cited by 188 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Findings of shorter crypts on d 3 post-weaning in piglets on the low feed intake (trial 2) concur with the results of Pluske et al [34] showing, at 5 d post-weaning, shorter crypts in piglets fed at MEm than in those fed 2.5 times MEm. Furthermore, findings that shorter crypts are found in pigs weaned into a "clean" environment compared to pigs weaned into a "conventional" environment [30,44], suggest that the rate of epithelial renewal a marginal effect of weaning on crypt depth was found in our studies in agreement with the findings of Spreeuwenberg et al [42], whereas a transient decrease on d 2 postweaning was found by McCracken et al [28] and van Beers-Schreurs et al [47]. Crypt depth is dependent on several factors including the level of energy intake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These alterations are assumed to impair the ability of the small intestine to digest and absorb nutrients and to predispose the weanling piglet to malabsorption and diarrhoea [27,46]. Although several factors may account for these morphological changes, there is increasing evidence that the level of feed intake is an important factor [27,34,47]. However, less is known on the effects of weaning on the spatial and temporal changes in intestinal morphology and on the speed of recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small intestine growth and morphometry in piglets weaned at 7 days of age. Effects of level of energy intake

et al. 2002

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-Two trials involving a total of 56 pigs were conducted to examine the effects of weaning at 7 d of age (trial 1) and of energy intake level and length of post-weaning underfeeding period (trial 2) on small intestinal (SI) development and morphometry. At 3 d after weaning, weight of the SI and mucosa (g/kg body weight) and villous height along SI were reduced by 20, 36 and 41%, respectively, compared to the day of weaning. Intestinal morphometrical changes are dependent on SI site and days post-weaning. Villous atrophy on d 3 and recovery on d 14 post-weaning were greater and occurred earlier in the proximal than in the medial and distal SI. Villous height was dependent on the level of energy intake which explains 56% of the variations in proximal SI villous height in weaned pigs and 73% when data of the sow-reared pigs were included in the analysis. Moreover, after 4 d of refeeding, underfed piglets showed similar villous characteristics to piglets fed a continuously high feeding level after weaning stressing that capacities of intestinal restoration were not affected by the length of the post-weaning underfeeding period. Overall, the present results suggest a spatial and temporal effect of weaning on villous atrophy and recovery, and that the level of energy intake is a major factor accounting for the post-weaning villous height.weaning / level of food intake / small intestine / morphometry / piglet Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42 (2002) [339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350][351][352][353][354] 339

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small intestine growth and morphometry in piglets weaned at 7 days of age. Effects of level of energy intake

et al. 2002

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“…D-Xylose has been widely used to determine absorptive capacity (Hammon and Blum, 1997). Serum D-xylose concentration decreased, indicating that weaning reduced the intestinal absorptive capacity, as reported in other studies (van Beers-Schreurs et al, 1998;Gu et al, 2002). Galactose is a unique dietary sugar in that its exclusive source is milk lactose, and it provides approximately 20% of the total caloric intake in exclusively breastfed infants (Coss-Bu et al, 2009).…”

Section: Fig 7 Kegg Pathways Linked Together Manuallymentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Large amounts of lactose, free and protein-bound amino acids, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids are present in sow's milk (Wu and Knabe, 1994;Mountzouris et al, 1999;van den Borne et al, 2007). After weaning, the piglets ingested complete feed rich in nitrogen compounds with small amounts of fat and carbohydrates (Gu and Li, 2003;Petrovič et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Xiao

Hong

et al. 2012

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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A novel metabolomic method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to determine the metabolites in the serum of piglets in response to weaning and dietary L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation. Thirty-six 21-d-old piglets were randomly assigned into three groups. One group continued to suckle from the sows (suckling group), whereas the other two groups were weaned and their diets were supplemented with 1% (w/w) Gln or isonitrogenous L-alanine, respectively, representing Gln group or control group. Serum samples were collected to characterize metabolites after a 7-d treatment. Results showed that twenty metabolites were down-regulated significantly (P<0.05) in control piglets compared with suckling ones. These data demonstrated that early weaning causes a wide range of metabolic changes across arginine and proline metabolism, aminosugar and nucleotide metabolism, galactose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, and fatty acid metabolism. Dietary Gln supplementation increased the levels of creatinine, D-xylose, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, palmitelaidic acid, and α-L-galactofuranose (P<0.05) in early weaned piglets, and were involved in the arginine and proline metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. A leave-one-out cross-validation of random forest analysis indicated that creatinine was the most important metabolite among the three groups. Notably, the concentration of creatinine in control piglets was decreased (P=0.00001) compared to the suckling piglets, and increased (P=0.0003) in Gln-supplemented piglets. A correlation network for weaned and suckling piglets revealed that early weaning changed the metabolic pathways, leading to the abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, which could be partially improved by dietary Gln supplementation. These findings provide fresh insight into the complex metabolic changes in response to early weaning and dietary Gln supplementation in piglets.

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“…Stimulating solid feed intake before weaning is proposed as a strategy to mitigate the abrupt transition between maternal milk supply and creep feed consumption, with an expected positive effect on the rate of weight gain and the prevention of intestinal disorders (Van Beers-Schreurs et al, 1998;Berkeveld et al, 2007). In assays studying effects of IS on conventional porcine breeds, access to the sow was drastically limited during 10 or 12 h from the onset of the treatment (Berkeveld et al, 2007 andKuller et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intermittent suckling on body composition of Iberian piglets weaned at 35 days of age

Castellano

Aguinaga

Nieto

et al. 2014

Animal

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Piglet body composition at weaning could be a determinant for pig's viability and may be influenced by factors such as the nutritional management followed during suckling. An experiment was conducted to study whether intermittent suckling (IS) affects body composition at weaning and nutrient and energy retention during a 34-day lactation period in Iberian piglets. Litters were subjected to conventional suckling (CS) or IS (n = 10 litters of six piglets per treatment) in two trials. All piglets had ad libitum access to creep feed from day 15 onwards. In IS, piglets were progressively separated from the sow for 6, 8 and 10 h daily during the last week of lactation, whereas in CS piglets had continuous access to their dams. Creep feed intake in litters and BW development of individual piglets were measured throughout the 34-day lactation. Within each litter, both at birth and at weaning (day 35), one piglet was used to assess nutrient retention and body composition by the comparative slaughter approach. During days 29 to 35 of the experiment, daily creep feed intake was greater in IS piglets (IS 124, CS 67 g/piglet, P = 0.040), and average daily gain differed significantly between groups (IS 190, CS 150 g/day, P = 0.010). BW at weaning was higher in the IS than in the CS piglets (IS 8.19, CS 7.48 kg, P = 0.011). Empty-body fat and energy content at weaning were higher in the IS compared with CS litters, as well as fat content in the carcass ( P = 0.04). The IS treatment did not affect empty-body protein deposition, but significantly increased daily retention of fat, energy, ash and calcium, compared with CS litters ( P < 0.05). Thus, IS in Iberian piglets seems to enhance feed intake, growth rate and retention of some body components, which may contribute to a higher body fat content at weaning and facilitate the weaning process.

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Weaning and the Weanling Diet Influence the Villous Height and Crypt Depth in the Small Intestine of Pigs and Alter the Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Large Intestine and Blood

Cited by 188 publications

References 25 publications

Small intestine growth and morphometry in piglets weaned at 7 days of age. Effects of level of energy intake

Small intestine growth and morphometry in piglets weaned at 7 days of age. Effects of level of energy intake

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Effects of intermittent suckling on body composition of Iberian piglets weaned at 35 days of age

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