WC-Co/316L stainless steel joining by laser powder bed fusion for multi-material cutting tools manufacturing

Guimarães, Bruno; Guedes, A.; Fernandes, C.M.; Figueiredo, Daniel; Bartolomeu, F.; Miranda, G.; Silva, F.S.

doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106140

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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Section: Mechanical Properties Of the Alloys 321 Vickers's Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the hardness of the additively manufactured alloy was about 1.5 times higher compared to the wrought alloy of a similar composition. In literature, the reported hardness varies considerably: about 178 HV [56] for wrought component and in the range of 238-302 HV [57] and 208-241 HV [58] for AM-processed alloy. The reason for such scattered values is due to the fact that the different processing parameters of the L-PBF alloy gives rise to the variation in microstructure, together with microstructural defects, which affects the hardness values.…”

Section: Vickers's Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural and Nanoindentation Investigation on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stainless Steel 316L

Kurdi,

Tabbakh,

Basak

2023

Materials

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Additive manufacturing (AM) of stainless steel is more difficult than other metallic materials, as the major alloying elements of the stainless steel are prone to oxidation during the fabrication process. In the current work, specimens of the stainless steel 316L were made by the powder laser bed fusion (P-LBF) additive manufacturing process. These specimens were investigated by electron microscopy and micro-/nano-indentation techniques to investigate the microstructural aspects and the mechanical properties, respectively. Compositionally, a similar wrought stainless steel was subjected to identical investigation, and used as a benchmark material. The microstructure of the P-LBF-processed alloy shows both equiaxed and elongated grains, which are marginally smaller (3.2–3.4 μm) than that of the wrought counterpart (3.6 μm). Withstanding such marginal gain size refinement, the increase in shear stress and hardness of the L-PBF alloy was striking. The L-PBF-processed alloy possess about 1.92–2.12 GPa of hardness, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of wrought alloy (1.30 GPa), and about 1.15 times more resistant against plastic flow of material. Similarly, L-PBF-processed alloy possess higher maximum shear stress (274.5–294.4 MPa) than that of the wrought alloy (175.9 MPa).

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Section: Mechanical Properties Of the Alloys 321 Vickers's Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vickers's Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Nanoindentation Investigation on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stainless Steel 316L

Kurdi,

Tabbakh,

Basak

2023

Materials

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“…Cemented carbides, notably WC-Co, are the most widely used materials for cutting tools due to their inherent high hardness, toughness, and wear resistance [37,38]. For this reason, uncoated WC-Co commercial cutting inserts (CNMG 120408-GS, Palbit S.A., Branca, Portugal) were chosen to be used in this study.…”

Section: Concept Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning of AISI 1045 Steel through an Embedded Thermocouple—A Comparative Study with Infrared Thermography

Guimarães

Rosas

Fernandes³

et al. 2023

JMMP

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During machining processes, a high temperature is generated in the cutting zone due to deformation of the material and friction of the chip along the surface of the tool. This high temperature has a detrimental effect on the cutting tool, and for this reason, it is of the utmost importance to assess the cutting temperature in real time during these processes. Despite all the advances and investigation in this field, accurately measuring the cutting temperature remains a great challenge. In this sense, this work intends to contribute to solving this problem by experimentally evaluating the potential of the developed approach for embedding thermocouples into the rake face of cutting tools for measuring cutting temperature in real time during dry turning of AISI 1045 steel for different cutting parameters and comparing the obtained results with infrared thermography measurements at the exact same point. A well-defined, smooth micro-groove with good surface quality was produced by laser surface modification. Then a laser-welded K-type thermocouple was fixated in the micro-groove with a MgO ceramic adhesive, ensuring protection from wear and chips, which allowed the creation of WC-Co cutting inserts with the ability to measure cutting tool temperature with a maximum error of 0.96%. Results showed that, despite yielding the same trend, the tool temperature measured by the IR thermographic camera was always lower than the temperature measured by the K-type embedded thermocouple. The proposed embedded thermocouple method proved to be a reliable, precise, accurate, and cost-effective approach for real-time temperature measurement capable of providing useful information for cutting parameter optimization, thus allowing increased productivity and tool life.

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“…The energy spectrum analysis results in Figure 17c showing that the Fe element accounts for the largest proportion of 51.6%, followed by Co and Cr elements. During the transition from the cladding layer to the substrate, the contents of Co and Fe decreased and increased sharply, respectively, while the content of Cr decreased rapidly, as shown in Figure 17h, which is closely related to the high cooling rate of the laser cladding process to minimize the diffusion between elements [34]. In Figure 17, the distribution of elements from the cladding layer to the substrate was characterized by EDS.…”

Section: Experimental Verificationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Multi-Objective Process Optimization of Laser Cladding Co-Based Alloy by Process Window and Grey Relational Analysis

Yue

Guo

et al. 2023

Coatings

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To determine the optimal process parameters for the preparation of a Co-based alloy cladding layer, the experimental research of laser cladding Co-based alloy was carried out based on the optimal process window and grey relational analysis methods with 42CrMo as the substrate. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore the influence laws of laser process parameters on the forming characteristics of the cladding layer within the optimal process window range. Furthermore, the optimal process parameter combination was obtained by grey relational analysis, and the experimental verification of the optimization results was conducted. It was found that the process parameter interval determined by the optimal process window was laser power 1300–2100 W, scanning speed 6–14 mm/s, and powder feeding rate 17.90–29.84 g/min. The influence order of each process parameter was: laser power > scanning speed > powder feeding rate. The optimal process parameters of laser power 2100 W, scanning speed 6 mm/s, and powder feeding rate 17.90 g/min were obtained. The experimental verification results of optimal process parameters proved that the grey correlation grade of the optimized parameters was improved by 0.260 compared with the initial parameters and agreed well with the prediction value with an accuracy of 96%. After optimization, the cross-sectional area, the ratio of the width to height, cladding efficiency, and powder utilization rate of the cladding track increased by 4.065 mm2, 1.031, 19.032, and 70.3%, respectively, and the fluctuation ratio decreased by 60.9%. The optimal cladding track was well bonded to the substrate without cracks, holes, and evident element segregation, and included the phases of Cr3C7, CoCx, fcc-Co, and WC.

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WC-Co/316L stainless steel joining by laser powder bed fusion for multi-material cutting tools manufacturing

Cited by 10 publications

References 55 publications

Microstructural and Nanoindentation Investigation on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stainless Steel 316L

Microstructural and Nanoindentation Investigation on the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stainless Steel 316L

Real-Time Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning of AISI 1045 Steel through an Embedded Thermocouple—A Comparative Study with Infrared Thermography

Multi-Objective Process Optimization of Laser Cladding Co-Based Alloy by Process Window and Grey Relational Analysis

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