Ways of Worldmaking

Goodman, Nelson

doi:10.2307/1574670

Cited by 400 publications

(453 citation statements)

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“…Some researchers have argued that (long-range) apparent motion is mediated by processes that are "perceptually intelligent": that is, processes no different from those that mediate thinking and problem solving (e. g. , Goodman, 1978;Rock, 1983). This amounts to the proposal that apparent-motion perception is affected by the contents of intentional states, such as beliefs, goals, or expectations, and is therefore cognitively penetrable (e. g. , Pylyshyn, 1980Pylyshyn, , 1984.…”

Section: Cognitive Penetrability and Motion Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

The how and why of what went where in apparent motion: Modeling solutions to the motion correspondence problem.

Dawson

1991

Psychological Review

166

117

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Abstract:A model that is capable of maintaining the identities of individuated elements as they move is described. It solves a particular problem of underdetermination, the motion correspondence problem, by simultaneously applying 3 constraints: the nearest neighbor principle, the relative velocity principle, and the element integrity principle. The model generates the same correspondence solutions as does the human visual system for a variety of displays, and many of its properties are consistent with what is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying human motion perception. The model can also be viewed as a proposal of how the identities of attentional tags are maintained by visual cognition, and thus it can be differentiated from a system that serves merely to detect movement. PDF Image: PDF Full Text Database: PsycARTICLESThe How Nevin-Meadows, Don Schopflocher, and Nancy Digdon at the University of Alberta. Comments from Dennis Proffitt and an anonymous reviewer on an earlier version of the manuscript were also extremely useful. I would like to acknowledge Brian Harder, who died during the past year. He began work on this research with me and performed numerous simulation runs and prepared many of the figures.Correspondence may be addressed to: Michael R. W. Dawson, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada. Electronic mail may be sent to mike@psych.ualberta.ca.Many researchers have described the goal of visual perception as the construction of useful representations about the world (e. g. , Horn, 1986;Marr, 1976Marr, , 1982Ullman, 1979). These representations are derived from the information projected from a three-dimensional visual world (the distal stimulus) onto an essentially twodimensional surface of light receptors in the eyes. The interpretation of the distal stimulus must be determined from the resulting pattern of retinal stimulation (the proximal stimulus).However, the information represented in the proximal stimulus cannot, by itself, completely determine the nature of the distal stimulus. This is because the proximal stimulus does not preserve the full dimensionality of the physical world. The mapping from three-dimensional patterns to two-dimensional patterns is a many-to-one mapping and is not uniquely invertible (see Gregory, 1970;Horn, 1986;Marr, 1982;Richards, 1988). Retinal stimulation geometrically underdetermines interpretations of the physical world. 1Underdetermination can also result because the information available from local measurements of the proximal stimulus is consistent with a large number of different global interpretations. Alone, the local measurements are not sufficient to determine which global interpretation is correct. One example of this is the aperture problem: local measurements of a contour's movement do not by themselves specify the contour's true velocity (e. g. , Hildreth, 1983;Marr & Ullman, 1981). Another example is the stereo correspondence problem: local measurements do not by themselves specify which proxim...

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Section: Cognitive Penetrability and Motion Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

The how and why of what went where in apparent motion: Modeling solutions to the motion correspondence problem.

Dawson

1991

Psychological Review

166

117

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“…Most importantly, "we can have words without a world but no world without words or other symbols" 18 . Goodman 1978, p. 3. 17 See Goodman 1978, p. 4.…”

Section: Social Construction Of Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructed Worlds, Contested Truths

Baghramian¹

2011

The Problem of Relativism in the Sociology of (Scientific) Knowledge

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The world is made up of not only natural kinds but also artefacts, stuff that we human beings, individually or communally, construct. Chairs and tables, airplanes and buildings, are our constructs; they are conceived by individuals or groups and are also built by them. But the scope of our construction is not limited to physical artefacts; the social space is also populated by our constructions. A university, to take but one example, is much more than its buildings, its very existence depends on rules, agreements, conventions, and covenants constructed and entered upon by human beings. It's our joint intention, persisting through time that gives reality to institutions of higher education and their functioning through time. This much is platitudinous and not seriously in dispute. Major philosophical debates begin firstly when we try to draw a dividing line between natural kinds and artefacts and secondly in any attempt to adjudicate on the ontological status of our social constructs.Social constructionism, or constructivism 1 , defined broadly, maintains that a diverse range of objects -among them emotions, gender, race, sex,

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“…American pragmatists such as Rorty (1979) and Goodman (1983) have argued in favor of adopting methods from one science in the study of another. Based on their arguments, we believe that the appropriate question is not whether these lenses are scientifically ''right'', but instead, Does the use of the evolutionary lens contribute new insights to the study of organizations, and specifically, to business ethics?…”

Section: Evolutionary Thinking In Economics and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%