“…In the strong version of the hypothesis, vision or visual experience is a prerequisite for spatial representations because these representations must be coded visually (Hartlage, 1969;Hebb, 1949;Schlaegel, 1953). The wealth of evidence showing that congenitally blind individuals are quite capable of representing spatial information refutes this obligatory dependence on visual experience (e.g., Golledge et al, 1996;Leonard & Newman, 1967;Passini, Delisle, Langlois, & Prouis, 1988;Passini, Proulx, & Rainville, 1990;Tinti, Adenzato, Tamietto, & Cornoldi, 2006). However, several lines of research appear to implicitly support a more moderate version of the hypothesis which gives special status to vision as the primary modality for spatial learning and memory (e.g., Attneave & Benson, 1969;Bertelson & Radeau, 1981;Mastroianni, 1982;Platt & Warren, 1972;Rock, 1966;Vecchi, Tinti, & Cornoldi, 2004;Warren, 1970).…”