Wayfinding and toddlers' use of information from an aerial view of a maze.

Rieser, John J.; Doxsey, Pamela A.; McCarrell, Nancy S.; Brooks, Penelope H.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.5.714

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Second, Rieser et al (1982) found that, after 9-month-olds were given an aerial view of a simple two-choice maze and then allowed to move to the mother via the maze's open side, they responded at chance levels and, furthermore, rarely corrected their mistakes. Nine-month-olds in this situation reliably moved to the mother only in the presence of a sound cue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Development of Detour Ability during Infancy

Lockman¹

1984

Child Development

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3 longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the generalization of detour ability across motor responses and barrier types and the relationship between the development of object permanence and detour ability. In Experiment 1, 12 8-month-olds were tested every 3 weeks for 4 months on 4 different detour problems and Stage 4 and 6 object permanence tasks. In the detour problems, infants had to reach or move around a transparent or opaque barrier to obtain an object. The results indicated that infants made reaching detours before corresponding locomotor ones and generally made detours around opaque barriers before transparent ones. Infants also solved the Stage 4 task before the detour problems but failed to solve the Stage 6 task before testing ended. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggested that the difference in reaching and locomotor detour performance was not an artifact of barrier length or the infant's position relative to the barrier. The overall results are discussed in relation to issues of developmental synchrony and Piaget's theory of infant spatial development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infants make awkward manual detours by the end of the first year (Bruner, 1970) and soon afterward, simple locomotor ones (Heth & Cornell, 1980;Kohler, 1927;Lewin, 1954). Even 9-month-olds will move around a barrier if auditory cues are present and visual information about the path has been given (Rieser, Doxsey, McCarrell, & Brooks, 1982).…”

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The Development of Detour Ability during Infancy

Lockman¹

1984

Child Development

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“…In a recent study, Lockman (1984) found that by the end of their first year infants could choose a path, albeit not necessarily the shorter one, around a transparent or opaque obstruction between themselves and a goal. In contrast Rieser and his co-workers (Rieser et al, 1982) noted that it was not until 25 months that children could negotiate a two-choice maze on the basis of prior visual information concerning the spatial layout. Differences in complexity of the task and motivation to attain the goal may account for this discrepancy in the age of acquisition of the detour response.…”

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confidence: 94%

Detour behaviour in young human infants

McKenzie¹,

Bigelow²

1986

British J of Dev Psycho

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139The ability of infants, who have recently become mobile, to select an open path to a goal was studied in two experiments. In Expt 1 48 infants aged 10, 12 and 14 months were required to find their mother who was located behind either a transparent or an opaque barrier. Transparency of the barrier did not influence the efficiency of the detour paths. Infants aged 14 months followed a more efficient path than younger infants. Change in the barrier position disrupted detour behaviour in the two younger groups. A similar disruption was found in I0-month-old infants in Expt 2 after only one trial prior to relocation of the barrier. It was concluded that infants in their first year do not readily modify their locomotor response according to changed spatial relationships between the barrier and the goal. More flexible way finding develops early in the second year. Piaget (1954) described the invention of detours, i.e. the development of itineraries that allow for obstacles between subject and goal, as the most typical of the behaviours acquired in the final stage of the sensori-motor period. However, the conditions of occurrence and the features of this kind of behaviour have not yet been well documented. In a recent study, Lockman (1984) found that by the end of their first year infants could choose a path, albeit not necessarily the shorter one, around a transparent or opaque obstruction between themselves and a goal. In contrast Rieser and his co-workers (Rieser et al., 1982) noted that it was not until 25 months that children could negotiate a two-choice maze on the basis of prior visual information concerning the spatial layout. Differences in complexity of the task and motivation to attain the goal may account for this discrepancy in the age of acquisition of the detour response. alteration in the spatial relationship between barrier and goal. To this end the barrier was relocated after several trials so that the unobstructed path was on the opposite side. Since neither the starting-point nor the goal location was changed, infants needed to take a path to their right rather than their left (or vice versa) in order to reach the goal. A further aim was to assess the efficiency of the path when the goal was visible through a transparent barrier and when it was invisible behind an opaque one. In the latter instance some degree A major aim of our studies was to examine the flexibility of simple detour paths after an ---of object permanence is required; in the former both goal existence and location are evident. It is possible, however, that the dissociation between the visual and locomotor paths to the goal behind the transparent screen may make this situation more difficult.Whether children could select the open path around an opaque or transparent barrier and their efficiency in doing so before and after barrier relocation was examined in Expt The effect of just one successful trial prior to barrier relocation was assessed in Expt 2. Experiment 1Infants from three age groups received eight trials in which they had...

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“…Barrier crossing is, in fact, an intriguing locomotor behavior, in that it is constrained by a number of variables, ranging from basic biomechanical factors such as (a) balance control (on one or two legs), leg strength, hip flexibility, and so on, (b) anthropomorphic factors, such as overall height, leg length, calf length, general body proportions and weight distribution, and so on, and (c) visual sensitivities, such as 2There does exist developmental research examining the growth of component skills necessary for visually guided locomotion. A partial list of such abilities include spatial orientation (Anooshian & Wilson, 1977;Cohen, Baldwin, & Sherman, 1978;Comell, Heth, & Broda, 1989;Herman, 1980;Kosslyn, Pick, & Fariello, 1974;Rieser, Doxsey, McCarrell, &Brooks, 1982)' detour behavior (Heth & Comell, 1980;Lockman, 1984;Lockman, Greer, & Sisselman, 1992;McKenzie & Bigelow, 1986;Robinson, McKenzie, &Day, 1991), motor control of stepping and walking (Clark & Whitall, 1989;Clark, Whitall, & Philips, 1988;Sutherland, Olshen, Cooper, & Woo, 1980;Thelen, 1984Thelen, , 1986Thelen, Ridley-Johnson, &Fisher, 1983;Thelen, Skala, &Kelso, 1987;Thelen &Ultich, 1991;Whitall &Clark, 1994), perceiving the propertiesof surfaces to be crossed (e.g., E. J. Gibson, Riccio, Schmuckler, Stoffregen, Rosenberg, & Taonnina, 1987), the visual control of posture (Bai, 1991;Bertenthal & Bai, 1989;Butterworth &Hicks, 1977;Delorme, Frigon, &Lagace, 1989;Lee & Aronson, 1974;Schmuckler, in press; and so on.…”

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Development of Visually Guided Locomotion: Barrier Crossing by Toddlers

Schmuckler¹

1996

Ecological Psychology

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Tne impact of manipulating the physical layout and the perceptual appearance of the environment on motor behavior and perceptual judgments for action was investigated by presenting 12-to 30-month-old toddlers with a visually guided locomotion task involving stepping over a barrier varying in its height. Experiment 1 observed changes in infants' crossing behavior as a function of barrier height, with successful crossing at low heights, failures in crossing as the height increased, and refusals to attempt crossing at the highest barrier heights for younger infants. Experiment 2 manipulated the barrier's perceived transparency and spatial extent, with a finding of increased crossing thresholds at all ages for barriers of greater spatial extent relative to lesser spatial extent, and increased thresholds for opaque relative to transparent barriers at younger ages. Both studies found that crossing thresholds were strongly related to walking experience, suggesting that for infants and toddlers action in the world is experientially scaled. One significant achievement in the first few years of life involves the child's ability to perform sophisticated motor activity, such as visually guided reaching or independent movement through the world. Successful performance of these actions requires both motor skill and perceptual sensitivity, along with the ability to combine the two, or perceptual-motor integration (e.g., Hofsten & Lindhagen, 1979;Thelen, 1986;Schmuckler, 1993Schmuckler, , 1995. Although traditional, nonecological ap* proaches to perceptual-motor integration have viewed the growth of perceptual and motor systems as relatively autonomous events, relying, for example, on independent schema (Arbib, 1987) that ultimately require explicit integration

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Wayfinding and toddlers' use of information from an aerial view of a maze.

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

The Development of Detour Ability during Infancy

The Development of Detour Ability during Infancy

Detour behaviour in young human infants

Development of Visually Guided Locomotion: Barrier Crossing by Toddlers

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