Wavelet-based pipe flaw 2D-reconstruction scheme using line-focusing ultrasonic transducer array

Failure Detection Methods for Pipeline Networks: From Acoustic Sensing to Cyber-Physical Systems

“…Ultrasonic reflectometry or scanning has, therefore, been a more popular research subject in the domain of leakage and crack detection. In [ 49 ], a line-focusing ultrasonic array in the form of multiple rings with sensors spaced with no overlaps on each ring, was employed to detect crack-like flaws, metal loss and dents in pipelines. Two-dimensional images of the flaws in the pipeline were reconstructed, using amplitude-scan (A-scan) ultrasonic signals captured by the array, after which the sizes and the locations of the flaws could be obtained.…”

“…The failure detection methods covered in this paper are non-exhaustive and are, to the best of our knowledge at the point of writing, include non-destructive technologies that have been practically validated in the industry either in the form of modern wireless sensor networks or human-operated devices. Acoustic Reflectometry Time-of-flight; phase change; power reflection ratio; spectral analysis; synthetic aperture radar; acoustic resonance technology; ultrasonic phased array [6][7][8][42][43][44][45][46] Guided Wave Inspection Time-of-flight; ultrasonic transducer ring; phase change; spectral analysis; transmission/reflection coefficient analysis; non-linear modulation; guided microwave inspection [9,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Ultrasonic Gauging Time-of-flight; time-series cross-correlation; Gaussian model-based estimation; temperature compensation [55][56][57][58][59] Ground Penetrating RaDAR (GPR) Back-projection; back-propagation; GPR-camera fusion; Bayern approximation [2,[60][61][62][63][64][65] Impact Echo (IE) Sustained duration; resonance analysis; correction factor validation; Edge reflection analysis; noise removal [19,[66][67][68][69][70] Acoustic Emission (AE)/ Vibration Analysis Frequency analysis; vibrational amplitude and fluid transient analysis; time-difference cross-correlation; wavelet entropy analysis; machine learning classification [1,[9]…”

“…An improvement to the line-focusing array was in the form of a guided wave transducer ring as shown earlier in Figure 4. However, the ultrasonic techniques utilised by [47,49] relied on conventional methods that are based on principle of passive scattering, which makes use of the amplitude and phase variations between the transmitted and reflected signals in the linear elastic region of the characteristic profile of the ultrasonic wave [52]. The sensitivity of these conventional methods is limited to the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave transmitted by the transducer in the inspection system.…”