Wavelength influence on nitrogen insertion into titanium by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation in air

Composition analysis of oxide films formed on titanium surface under pulsed laser action by method of chemical thermodynamics

“…A number of works [3,41,42] show that the color of the surface depends not only on the interference in the thin oxide layers but also on the metal oxides' intrinsic colors. These effects are determined by the thickness, transparency, and composition of oxide films formed during laser heating in the atmosphere.…”

“…For example, during the laser exposure of titanium in the air similar processing modes result in different compositions of obtained films. The x-ray diffraction method (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µRS) revealed a two-layer oxide structure formation, of which the lower layer consisted of TiO, Ti 2 O 3 , and the upper layer consisted of TiO 2 [43,44]; in [45] XRD showed TiO and Ti 2 O 3 , Ti 2 O, Ti 3 O oxide formation; Lavisse et al [41,42] used XRD and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and reported the formation of titanium oxynitrides, and found a thin layer of titanium oxynitrocarbides near the surface. These data indicate that due to difficulties in the interpretation of the experimental results different authors have substantial divergences in the determination of the films' composition for films that are formed of the same metal and are of the same color.…”

Development of complete color palette based on spectrophotometric measurements of steel oxidation results for enhancement of color laser marking technology

“…The controllable coloration of stainless steel at laser heating in the air was shown [3]. It was implemented through the formation of oxide films using solid-state and fiber lasers with several wavelengths: 355 nm [4], 532 nm [5], 1064 nm [3,[6][7][8][9][10]; the composition of the films was found. These oxide films demonstrated resistance to external influences [9].…”

Covalent Grafting of Alkyl Chains on Laser-Treated Titanium Surfaces Through Silanization and Phosphonation Reactions

“…Titanium samples previously polished down to 600-grit with SiC paper were treated in ambient atmosphere using a double frequency pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser Kaluti System (=532 nm) with Gaussian energy distribution, spot diameter of 60 µm and pulse time of 5 ns. On the basis of previous work [29], the average beam power was fixed to 1.7 W, pulse frequency to 10 kHz and scanning speed to 12 mm/s. Linear scan lines applied in back-and-forth directions were spaced by 10 µm and formed a total surface of 1 cm².…”

“…The laser treatment conditions were chosen in order to create a structured surface well covered with TiO2 [29] rich in terminal Ti-OH groups that play a role of the grafting sites during the chemical modification, for both silanization [1] and phosphonation [3]. The average composition of the surface, according to EDS analysis, was 7 at.% C, 61 at.% O and 31 at.% Ti, which indicates the important level of surface oxidation and the presence of some organic pollution.…”