Waveguide Metacouplers for In-Plane Polarimetry

Pors, Anders; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.5.064015

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…It should be noted that the designed metasurfaces have a rather broadband response, featuring experimentally diffraction contrasts that closely represent Stokes parameters in the wavelength range of 750 − 850 nm. Following this concept, a waveguide metacoupler was proposed, which facilitates normal incident light to launch in-plane photonic-waveguide modes propagating in six predefined directions with the coupling efficiencies providing a direct measure of the incident SOP [308]. In the later work [304], an ultracompact in-line polarimeter has been demonstrated by using a 2D metasurface covered with a thin array of subwavelength metallic antennas embedded in a polymer film ( figure 16(e)).…”

Section: Polarimetersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications

2017

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In the wake of intense research on metamaterials the two-dimensional analogue, known as metasurfaces, has attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years due to the ease of fabrication and smaller insertion losses, while enabling an unprecedented control over spatial distributions of transmitted and reflected optical fields. Metasurfaces represent optically thin planar arrays of resonant subwavelength elements that can be arranged in a strictly or quasi periodic fashion, or even in an aperiodic manner, depending on targeted optical wavefronts to be molded with their help. This paper reviews a broad subclass of metasurfaces, viz. gradient metasurfaces, which are devised to exhibit spatially varying optical responses resulting in spatially varying amplitudes, phases and polarizations of scattered fields. Starting with introducing the concept of gradient metasurfaces, we present classification of different metasurfaces from the viewpoint of their responses, differentiating electricaldipole, geometric, reflective and Huygens' metasurfaces. The fundamental building blocks essential for the realization of metasurfaces are then discussed in order to elucidate the underlying physics of various physical realizations of both plasmonic and purely dielectric metasurfaces. We then overview the main applications of gradient metasurfaces, including waveplates, flat lenses, spiral phase plates, broadband absorbers, color printing, holograms, polarimeters and surface wave couplers. The review is terminated with a short section on recently developed nonlinear metasurfaces, followed by the outlook presenting our view on possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.

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Section: Polarimetersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications

2017

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“…Additionally, different types of metasurfaces were proposed to determine certain aspects of the SOP, like the degree of circular polarization. [28][29] Recently, on-chip metasurface-only polarimeters allowing for the simultaneous determination of all polarization states have been proposed and demonstrated, [30][31][32] but the implemented approaches are not suitable for extending to also conduct spectral analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beam-Size-Invariant Spectropolarimeters Using Gap-Plasmon Metasurfaces

et al. 2017

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Metasurfaces enable exceptional control over the light with surface-confined planar components, offering the fascinating possibility of very dense integration and miniaturization in photonics. Here, we design, fabricate and experimentally demonstrate chip-size plasmonic spectropolarimeters for simultaneous polarization state and wavelength determination. Spectropolarimeters, consisting of three gap-plasmon phasegradient metasurfaces that occupy 120° circular sectors each, diffract normally incident light to six predesigned directions, whose azimuthal angles are proportional to the light wavelength, while contrasts in the corresponding diffraction intensities provide a direct measure of the incident polarization state through retrieval of the associated Stokes parameters. The proof-of-concept 96-μm-diameter spectropolarimeter operating in the wavelength range of 750 -950 nm exhibits the expected polarization selectivity and high angular dispersion (0.0133 °/nm). Moreover, we show that, due to the circular-sector design, polarization analysis can be conducted for optical beams of different diameters without prior calibration, demonstrating thereby the beam-size invariant functionality.The proposed spectropolarimeters are compact, cost-effective, robust, and promise highperformance real-time polarization and spectral measurements.

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“…[242][243][244][245][246][247][248] With a metasurface, vertical incidence light can couple into the waveguide, [249] and the waveguide can act as an in-plane polarimeter. [250] The effective relative permeability of the waveguide can also be controlled using split-ring resonators. [251] Recently, it was reported that phase gradient metasurfaces can be integrated into waveguides to realize mode conversion, polarization rotation and asymmetric optical power transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

121

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elements. Thus, realizing phase manipulation of EM waves at the nanoscale has become a key pursuit for the development of modern optics and nanophotonics.Metamaterials are 3D artificial nanostructures composed of periodic subwavelength unit cells that resonantly couple to the incident EM waves, exhibiting effective electric and magnetic responses not found in nature. [1][2][3] However, these promising potential applications are hindered in their applications due to the challenges of fabricating the required complex 3D nanostructures and the inherent metallic losses and strong dispersion of plasmonic elements at optical frequencies. Planar metamaterials, or so-called metasurfaces, can be fabricated using existing technologies, such as the lithography method and have attracted increasing attention due to their feasibility, low loss, and ease of fabrication. [4,5] The most prominent advantage of metasurfaces is that they can generate spatial phase discontinuities over the full 2π range with an optically thin interface; moreover, the resolution is less than one wavelength. Thus, wavefronts can be shaped with a distance of much less than the wavelength. With the increasing development of metasurfaces, the aforementioned limitations can be solved using various ultrathin optical devices, which have properties superior to their conventional counterparts. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Here, we concentrate on the new capabilities of metasurfaces in recent years in manipulating the phase and propagation behaviors of EM waves. In Section 2, we briefly introduce the underlying mechanisms of three types of phase discontinuities. In Section 3, we review the basic applications of phase modulation using metasurfaces. In Section 4, we review more complex and advanced information photonics that have emerged from metasurfaces. In the last section, we provide concluding remarks and an outlook on future development directions. Three Basic Types of Phase Discontinuities Generated by Metasurfaces Resonance PhaseThe pioneering approach to achieve phase discontinuities was to use the dispersion of various metallic nanoantennas, as shown in the left panel of Figure 1a. The optical energy is coupled to surface EM waves propagating back and forth along the antenna surface. Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance, these waves are accompanied by oscillating free electrons Relative to conventional phase-modulation optical elements, metasurfaces (i.e., 2D versions of metamaterials) have shown novel optical phenomena and promising functionalities with more compact platforms and more straightforward fabrication processes. With the ability to generate a spatial phase variation, optical wavefronts can be manipulated into arbitrary shapes at will, enabling new phenomena and integrated ultrathin optical devices to be explored. This review is focused on recent developments regarding phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves with metasurfaces. Starting from their underlying physics for realizing full 2π phase manipulation, an overview of the applica...

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Waveguide Metacouplers for In-Plane Polarimetry

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications

Beam-Size-Invariant Spectropolarimeters Using Gap-Plasmon Metasurfaces

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

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