Wave overtopping at berm breakwaters: Review and sensitivity analysis of prediction models

Wave overtopping at berm breakwaters: Experimental study and development of prediction formula

“…where αu and αd are the slopes above and below the berm, respectively. LA takes into account a number of variables and thus has a complex structure when compared to the other empirical formulae [31]. Van der Meer and Sigurdarson [46] noted that the complexity of the formula makes it difficult to physically justify the influence of governing parameters on the overtopping rate.…”

“…Also, the influence of s0p on the overtopping rate was not considered when ξ0p was > 2. Pillai et al [31] identified that these factors could result in overestimation of the q*measured. A similar observation was noticed for the conventional rubble mound breakwaters by Jafari and Etemad-Shahidi [23].…”

“…The existing approaches used to estimate the overtopping rates at berm breakwaters can be broadly classified as empirical models and soft computing methods. The most widely used are the empirical formulae, wherein the dimensionless measured overtopping rates from physical model tests are correlated to the dimensionless structural and hydraulic parameters through regression analysis [13,31]. The most popular empirical formulae used to estimate the overtopping rate at berm breakwaters are those of Van der Meer and Janssen [44], Lykke Andersen [25] and EurOtop [16].…”

“…A detailed review of the most common prediction models applicable for berm breakwaters, the data used to develop them, and their differences in estimating the influence of variables in the predicted overtopping rate have been performed by Pillai et al [31]. Their study revealed significant inconsistencies among the prediction models in estimating the influence of governing variables.…”

The influence of berms, roughness and oblique waves on wave overtopping at dikes

“…The empirical formulas given in Table 1.1 indicate that the average overtopping discharge depends on many parameters that characterise the waves and the dike geometry. Pillai et al (2017b) conducted a sensitivity analysis to study the effects of input variables on the average overtopping discharge at coastal structures with a berm. This study presented that the average overtopping discharge is the most sensitive to the dimensionless crest freeboard (R c /H m0 ); if the dimensionless berm width (B /H m0 ) is larger than 2, the berm width has a significant reductive influence on the average overtopping discharge.…”