Wave‐length dependencies of light scattering in normal and cold swollen rabbit corneas and their structural implications*

Farrell, Richard A.; McCally, Russell L.; Tatham, Peter E.R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010325

Cited by 114 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…From a theoretical standpoint, 'lakes' would add a term to the total scattering cross-section that would vary as B/l 2 . 37,38 By measuring transmission as corneas swelled, Farrell et al were able to compute the scattering cross-section and demonstrated that it has a 1/l 2 dependence, as predicted by the presence of 'lakes'. 35 Lakes are not seen in the normal human cornea, but they are present in bullous keratopathy and Fuch's dystrophy corneas.…”

Section: Light Scattering In Oedematous Corneasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma

Meek

Leonard

Connon

et al. 2003

Eye

197

132

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Section: Light Scattering In Oedematous Corneasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma

Meek

Leonard

Connon

et al. 2003

Eye

197

132

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“…The small amount of scattered light produced by this tissue has in particular been extensively researched in the literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. All previous theories explaining corneal transparency [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have focused on light propagation in the stromal extracellular matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of correlation between transmission and scattering during wound healing in hen corneas

Mar

Martínez-García

Blanco–Mezquita

et al. 2009

Journal of Modern Optics

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The aim of this work is to provide experimental data for corneal transparency and scattering to help create a more complete model of corneal transparency. The scattered light in 96 healing hen corneas was measured for three wavelengths by a scatterometer constructed in the Optics Laboratory (The University of Valladolid, Spain). With the help of mirrors and beamsplitters, the light from the three lasers is directed toward the cell containing the sample to be measured. The measured scattered light varies between six orders of magnitude. Corneal transmissivity, mean cosine of a scattering angle, and angular distribution of scattered light were all computed. The total transmitted light remained practically constant over a wide range of light values transmitted in a forward direction (direct transmissivity). The value of the mean cosine of the scattering direction is very close to the unit (g 4 0:98), even in corneas with high opacities. The behavior of g indicates that even damaged corneas evidence extremely small scattering, compared to other biological tissues. The transmission reduction of each cornea is related to an increase in scattered light. In all cases, scattered light is concentrated at very small angles. This behavior is acceptable in corneas that are healthy or which evidence small lesions, but remains in corneas that are severely injured.

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“…This set-up is significantly different from the one previously presented by Johnsen (Farrell et al, 1973;Johnsen and Widder, 1998). In this paper, the light hits the sample at a range of angles depending on the size of the specimen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…It is for this reason that the transparency values calculated in this study are somewhat lower than values achieved with apparatus employing collimated incident light. Furthermore, the acceptance angle for forward scattered light in our apparatus is larger than the standard of 1° ( Farrell et al, 1973;Mertens, 1970). The largest angular deviation possible for each viewing angle (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Light scattering by selected zooplankton from the Gulf of Aqaba

Gagnon

Shashar

Warrant

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The open sea is devoid of shelter, making vision an important sense for both predation and predator avoidance (Hamner, 1996;McFall-Ngai, 1990). In this environment, the visibility (or invisibility) of an animal is critical for its survival. Many complex adaptations have developed in response to these unique conditions. Among these are transparency (Chapman, 1976;Johnsen and Widder, 1998;Johnsen and Widder, 1999;Johnsen and Widder, 2001), cryptic coloration (Endler, 1978;Endler, 1990;Endler, 1991;Fuiman and Magurran, 1994;Herring and Roe, 1988;Muntz, 1990), mirrored body surfaces (Denton, 1970), counter shading and counter illumination (Cott, 1940;Denton et al., 1972;Ferguson and Messenger, 1991;Kiltie, 1988;McAllister, 1967), as well as morphological and behavioral adaptations that minimize apparent body or organ size (Seapy and Young, 1986). Further adaptations involve behavior: at least one function of diel vertical migration is to minimize visual predation. It was suggested that animals that have mirrored sides would benefit by orienting their body to or away from the sun to minimize intense light reflections (Johnsen and Sosik, 2003), and cephalopods and heteropods orient their thin intestines into a vertical position regardless of their body's orientation (Seapy and Young, 1986). Counter adaptations for breaking these camouflage strategies include polarization vision, ultraviolet (UV) vision, colored ocular filters and offset visual pigments (Bowmaker and Kunz, 1987;Browman et al., 1994;Loew et al., 1993;Lythgoe, 1984;Muntz, 1990;Waterman, 1981).Many zooplankton use transparency as their form of camouflage. Since many transparent species have refractive indices close to that of water, relatively little light is backscattered (Johnsen and Widder, 1999). However, the amount of light that the tissue scatters to the sides may be a major factor in its visibility (Chapman, 1976;Johnsen and Widder, 1999). Determining how much this scattered light affects an animal's visibility is not trivial and depends on depth, viewing angle, viewing distance and wavelength (Jerlov, 1976;Johnsen and Sosik, 2003;Kirk, 1986;Kitchen and Zaneveld, 1992;Mobley, 1995).Although the pelagic light field varies, there are some general constant attributes. Light intensity decreases exponentially with depth, and the spectrum of light narrows, becoming increasingly blue. At depths greater than a few hundred meters the light field becomes cylindrically symmetrical around the vertical axis, regardless of the position of the sun (Jerlov, 1976;Johnsen and Widder, 1998). In contrast, at shallower depths, the light field is generally asymmetric, especially during sunset and sunrise (Jerlov, 1976;Johnsen, 2002).While much research has examined light scattering from particles and phytoplankton (Ditchburn, 1963), light scattering by zooplanktonic species, and its effect on their visibility, has remained largely unexplored. Some attempts at modeling Light scattering by zooplankton was investigated as a major factor undermining transparency camouflage ...

show abstract

Wave‐length dependencies of light scattering in normal and cold swollen rabbit corneas and their structural implications*

Cited by 114 publications

References 15 publications

Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma

Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma

Measurement of correlation between transmission and scattering during wound healing in hen corneas

Light scattering by selected zooplankton from the Gulf of Aqaba

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