Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions

Möller, Iris; Kudella, Matthias; Rupprecht, Franziska; Spencer, Tom; Paul, Maike; Wesenbeeck, Bregje K. van; Wolters, Guido; Jensen, Kai; Bouma, Tjeerd J.; Miranda-Lange, Martin; Schimmels, Stefan

doi:10.1038/ngeo2251

Cited by 678 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Firstly, there is growing awareness that salt marshes are important habitats that need to be protected and conserved for their nature conservation value. Secondly, an important insight has been gained that salt marshes provide an important ecosystem service in coastal defence as they act as a natural buffer for dissipating wave energy in front of the seawall (Gedan et al 2011;Möller et al 2014). Thirdly, embankments for new agricultural land are economically of less interest in Europe (Bakker et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

et al. 2015

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Salt marshes provide an important and unique habitat for plants and animals. To restore salt marshes, numerous coastal realignment projects have been carried out, but restored marshes often show persistent ecological differences from natural marshes. We evaluate the effects of elevation and marsh topography, which are in turn affected by drainage and livestock grazing, on soil salinity after de-embankment. Salinity in the topsoil was monitored during the first 10 years after de-embankment and compared with salinity in an adjacent reference marsh. Additionally, salinity at greater depths (down to 1.2 m below the marsh surface) was monitored during the first 4 years by measuring the electrical conductivity of the groundwater. Chloride concentration in the top soil strongly decreased with increasing elevation; however, it was not affected by marsh topography, i.e. distance to creek or breach. Chloride concentrations higher than 2 g Cl − /litre were found at elevations below 0.6 m + MHT. Salinization of the groundwater, however, took several years. At low marsh elevations, the salinity of the deep groundwater (at 1.2 m depth) increased slowly throughout the full 4-year period of monitoring but did not reach the level of seawater. Compared to the ungrazed treatment, the grazed treatment led to lower accretion rates, lower soil-moisture content and higher chloride content of soil moisture. The de-embankment of the agricultural grasslands resulted in a rapid increase of soil salinity, although deeper ground-water levels showed a much slower response. Elevation accounted for most of the variation in the salinization of the soil. Grazing may enhance salinity of the top soil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

et al. 2015

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“…Cada vez es mayor el conjunto de conocimientos y experiencias que muestran que las DBN pueden ser una medida eficaz contra las tormentas, la intrusión salina y la erosión [21,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. La Tabla 3 proporciona una visión general de los tipos de medidas más representativos y sus principales características.…”

Section: Cómo Protegen Las Costas: Fundamentosunclassified

“…Por ejemplo, los arrecifes afectan principalmente al oleaje, y se quiere conocer cómo modifican los patrones de refracción y difracción para proteger el litoral de forma efectiva. Los humedales costeros son conocidos por atenuar el oleaje y las mareas de tormenta [storm surge] y suponen una zona de resguardo frente a las tormentas [37]: de ahí que frecuentemente se utilice el término 'resguardo verde' [green buffer] para referirse a esta función. La atenuación del oleaje por vegetación se ha estudiado, medido e incorporado ampliamente en modelos numéricos [38,39,[41][42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Cómo Protegen Las Costas: Fundamentosunclassified

Uniendo ingeniería y ecología: la protección costera basada en ecosistemas

Reguero

Beck

Losada

et al. 2017

Ribagua

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“…However, especially during extreme events, when flood protection is needed most, wave damping is less then under less extreme circumstances due to the high water level above the marsh surface. Although modelling [28] as well as flume experiments [29] and field observation [30] indicate that even under storm conditions salt marshes are able to substantially attenuate waves, there are still question about their performance. Furthermore, the marsh areal can be affected by lateral erosion during extreme events.…”

Section: Effect Of Natural Forelands On the Probability Of Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk reduction by combining nature values with flood protection?

Loon-Steensma

Kok

2016

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. In the Netherlands, the concept of a multifunctional dike has already often been implemented, and has been identified as a promising climate adaptation measure. In a multifunctional dike, functions like urban development, transport infrastructure, recreation, agriculture or nature are deliberately combined with its primary flood protection function. This means that the design must be based on the requirements and life span of all different functions, while in a monofunctional dike only the flood protection function is considered. By accommodating other functions, a multifunctional dike may easier fit into, or even contribute to the quality of the landscape. Moreover, these other functions may help in financing the flood protection works, but governance is more complicated. To avoid costly adjustments forthcoming from changed safety standards, incorporation of multiple functions can require a more "robust" flood defence than a monofunctional flood defence. A robust flood defence can withstand more extreme situations than required by the present safety standards, and has a substantially lower flooding probability. Therefore, a multifunctional dike may be attractive in view of the uncertainties regarding the effects of climate change and a changing world. Moreover, it will result in reduced flood risk. As part of the Dutch Delta programme, several explorative studies on multifunctional dikes were initiated. Most studies focused on urban areas, but also in the rural area interest emerged for multifunctional dikes, e.g. for the integration of salt marshes into the flood defences. Marshes provide valuable habitat for vegetation and invertebrate species, and are important for wading birds. Furthermore, under condition of abundant sediment availability they can keep pace with sea level rise. Explorative modelling results indicate that vegetated forelands affect wave heights, even under extreme conditions. However, the inclusion of a vegetated foreland into the dike design does not automatically mean that nature values and flood protection are well integrated. Flood protection imposes rather different requirements on the extent and features of marshes than nature conservation and development. Wave damping is most effective with a high and stable marsh, while nature thrives with dynamic processes and differences in elevation. Therefore, only a design that allows natural marsh dynamics and includes different marsh zones could combine nature values with flood protection. In practice, this means a dike design with an uncertain foreland, that offers space for natural processes. The uncertainty in foreland development reduces the possible flood risk reduction. In our paper we describe the critical points of interest concerning risk reduction in this system.

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Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions

Cited by 678 publications

References 30 publications

Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

Uniendo ingeniería y ecología: la protección costera basada en ecosistemas

Risk reduction by combining nature values with flood protection?

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