Watt-level passively Q-switched heavily Er3+-doped ZBLAN fiber laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

Abstract

A diode-cladding pumped mid-infrared passively Q-switched Er3+-doped ZBLAN fiber laser with an average output power of watt-level based on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is demonstrated. Stable pulse train was produced at a slope efficiency of 17.8% with respect to launched pump power. The maximum average power of 1.01 W at a repetition rate of 146.3 kHz was achieved with a corresponding pulse energy of 6.9 μJ, from which the maximum peak power was calculated to be 21.9 W. To the best of our knowledge, the average power and the peak power are the highest in 3 μm region passively Q-switched fiber lasers. The influence of gain fiber length on the operation regime of the fiber laser has been investigated in detail.

Negative refraction in Möbius molecules

“…Negative refractive index materials are very promising, e.g., in achieving the electromagnetic field cloaking [3,4], facilitating the sub-wavelength imaging [5], and crime scene investigation [6]. However, such materials do not naturally exist for the absence of magnetic response at the same frequency as electric response.…”

High Power and Short Pulse Width Operation of Passively Q-Switched Er:Lu2O3 Ceramic Laser at 2.7 μm

“…Note that the pulse duration of 32 ns is close to the limit set by the cavity length as well [24]. This implies that constructing an efficient microchip-type Q-switched Er:Lu 2 O 3 ceramic laser and generating sub-nanosecond pulses with MHz repetition rates should be possible [24,25]. Due to the influence of the unabsorbed pump on the SA, the PSQ laser operation was not as stable as the first configuration [34].…”

“…Compared with the newly developed two-dimensional (2D) materials-based SAs, the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) has many advantages since the key parameters, e.g., the absorption recovery time and the modulation depth, can be tailored in a wide range [24]. Recently, the successful Q-switched and mode-locked operation of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers has been demonstrated [25,26]. In these systems, specifically structured metal-reflector-based SESAMs were utilized.…”

Shape memory CTBN/epoxy resin/cyanate ester ternary resin and their carbon fiber reinforced composites

“…Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can memorize the temporary shape and recovery to their original shape with external stimulus, such as heat, 1 light, 2 electric 3 or magnetic field, 4 pH, 5 and specific solvent. 6 SMPs exhibited advantages of lightweight, large recovery ability, and low cost compared with shape memory alloys (SMAs) and shape memory ceramics (SMCs), 7 which has widely application prospect in actuators, 8 sensors, 9 biomedical stents, 10 aerospace field. 11 Typically, shape recovery process is composed of programming and recovery.…”