Watershed ‘chemical cocktails’: forming novel elemental combinations in Anthropocene fresh waters

Kaushal, Sujay S.; Gold, Arthur J.; Bernal, Susana; Johnson, Tamara A. Newcomer; Addy, Kelly; Burgin, Amy J.; Burns, Douglas A.; Coble, Ashley A.; Hood, Eran; Lu, YueHan; Mayer, Paul M.; Minor, Elizabeth C.; Schroth, Andrew W.; Vidon, P.; Wilson, Henry F.; Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.; Doody, Thomas R.; Galella, Joseph G.; Goodling, Phillip J.; Haviland, K.; Haq, Shahan; Wessel, Barret M.; Wood, Kelsey L.; Jaworski, Norbert A.; Belt, Kenneth T.

doi:10.1007/s10533-018-0502-6

Cited by 73 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…When the OM chemical composition and matrix properties are used in combination then a composite picture is assembled similar to the turnover frequency histograms depicted in Figures 1, 2. Similarly, dissolved chemical mixtures from watershed draining streams and potentially waterbodies within a watershed are hypothesized to capture element sources, changes in land-use, and the impact of anthropogenic changes within a watershed (Kaushal et al, 2018).…”

Section: Substrate Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Aquatic and Terrestrial Perspectives to Improve Insights Into Organic Matter Cycling at the Landscape Scale

et al. 2019

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Kayler et al. Landscape Organic Matter Turnover of abiotic conditions, substrate quality, and microbial community dynamics. We highlight the disproportionate impact anthropogenic activities can have on OM cycling across the landscape. This includes reversing natural OM flows through the landscape, disrupting ecosystem connectivity, and nutrient additions that cascade across the landscape. This knowledge is crucial for a better understanding of OM cycling in a landscape context, in particular since terrestrial and aquatic compartments may respond differently to the ongoing changes in climate, land use, and other anthropogenic interferences.

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Section: Substrate Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Aquatic and Terrestrial Perspectives to Improve Insights Into Organic Matter Cycling at the Landscape Scale

et al. 2019

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“…A consequence of FSS is novel and variable combinations of elements and compounds, which are anthropogenically enhanced and transported together. These elements and compounds can be characterized as 'chemical cocktails' or chemical mixtures [11,12]. Throughout this article, we will refer to them as chemical mixtures, but we recognize these mixtures are novel because of their elevated concentrations relative to natural baseline conditions and anthropogenically enhanced transport, formation and transformation in the environment [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel ‘chemical cocktails' in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome

Kaushal

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et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Widespread changes in water temperatures, salinity, alkalinity and pH have been documented in inland waters in North America, which influence ion exchange, weathering rates, chemical solubility and contaminant toxicity. Increasing major ion concentrations from pollution, human-accelerated weathering and saltwater intrusion contribute to multiple ecological stressors such as changing ionic strength and pH and mobilization of chemical mixtures resulting in the freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS). Here, we explore novel combinations of elements, which are transported together as chemical mixtures containing salts, nutrients and metals as a consequence of FSS. First, we show that base cation concentrations have increased in regions primarily in North America and Europe over 100 years. Second, we show interactions between specific conductance, pH, nitrate and metals using data from greater than 20 streams located in different regions of the USA. Finally, salinization experiments and routine monitoring demonstrate mobilization of chemical mixtures of cations, metals and nutrients in 10 streams draining the Washington, DC–Baltimore, MD metropolitan regions. Freshwater salinization mobilizes diverse chemical mixtures influencing drinking water quality, infrastructure corrosion, freshwater CO 2 concentrations and biodiversity. Most regulations currently target individual contaminants, but FSS requires managing mobilization of multiple chemical mixtures and interacting ecological stressors as consequences of freshwater salinization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

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“…We noted that debris dams disappeared, new debris dams established, and new pools developed in the intermittent streams multiple times over a year as observed by Uehlinger (2000), Smith and Kaushal (2015), and Reisinger et al (2017). Flow related to storm events has been related to displaced debris dams and pools along with scoured biofilms within the stream (Kaushal et al, 2018).…”

Section: Potential Drivers Of Whole-reach Nitrate-n Uptakementioning

confidence: 62%

Connectivity and Nitrate Uptake Potential of Intermittent Streams in the Northeast USA

et al. 2019

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Non-perennial streams dominate the extent of stream networks worldwide. Intermittent streams can provide ecosystem services to the entire network-including nitrate uptake to alleviate eutrophication of coastal waters-and are threatened by lack of legal protection. We examined 12 intermittent streams in the temperate, humid climate of the Northeast USA. Over 3 years of monitoring, continuous flow was observed a median of 277 d yr −1 , with no-flow conditions from early summer into fall. Estimated median discharge was 2.9 L s −1 or 0.36 mm d −1 . All intermittent streams originated from source wetlands (median area: 0.27 ha) and the median length of the intermittent stream from the source wetland to the downstream perennial stream was 344 m. Through regional geospatial analysis with high resolution orthophotography, we estimated that widely available, "high resolution" (1:24,000) hydrography databases (e.g., NHDPlus HR) only displayed 43% of the total number of intermittent streams. Whole-stream gross nitrate-N uptake rates were estimated at six intermittent streams during continuous flow conditions using pulse additions of nitrate and a conservative tracer. These rates displayed high temporal variability (range: no detect to over 6,000 mg N m −1 d −1 ); hot moments were noted in nine of the 65 pulse additions. Whole-stream gross nitrate-N uptake rates were significantly inversely related to discharge, with no measurable rates above 7 L s −1 . Temperature was significantly positively correlated with whole-stream gross nitrate-N uptake rates, with more hot moments in the spring. Microbial assays demonstrated that nitrate cycling in intermittent streams are consistent with results from low order, perennial forested streams and highlighted the importance of debris dams and pools-potential locations for transient storage. Our assessment suggests that intermittent streams in our region may annually contribute 24-47% of the flow to perennial streams and potentially remove 4.1 to 80.4 kg nitrate-N km −2 annually. If development in these areas continues, perennial streams are in danger of losing a portion of their headwaters and potential nitrate uptake areas may become nitrate sources to downstream areas. These results argue to manage fluvial systems with a holistic approach that couples intermittent and perennial components.

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Watershed ‘chemical cocktails’: forming novel elemental combinations in Anthropocene fresh waters

Cited by 73 publications

References 150 publications

Integrating Aquatic and Terrestrial Perspectives to Improve Insights Into Organic Matter Cycling at the Landscape Scale

Integrating Aquatic and Terrestrial Perspectives to Improve Insights Into Organic Matter Cycling at the Landscape Scale

Novel ‘chemical cocktails' in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome

Connectivity and Nitrate Uptake Potential of Intermittent Streams in the Northeast USA

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