Watermarking schemes evaluation

Petitcolas, Fabien A. P.

doi:10.1109/79.879339

Cited by 484 publications

(186 citation statements)

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“…Step1: Extract pixel from the cover image P (i,j) and converted in to the binary bits (LSB (1,2,3,4) & MSB (5,6,7,8) ), then set of the MSB 6 in each pixel within the boundary of corners board, as well as when the {MSB 6 of cover image pixel = EMB the embedded watermark bit W (i,j) } then do nothing. Otherwise when the MSB 6 in cover image pixel not equal the embedded watermark bit (EMB), MSB 6 ≠ EMB, thus the pixel value of cover image P (i,j) can be further segmented into intervals, whereas the Max-pixel value of cover image in interval with 8 bit at in the range 0≤P (i,j) <256, theoretically, can be derived the intervals depending on the embedding error =(2 n-1 ) in each bit as: (16) the all number of intervals in MSB n =8, n=6.…”

Section: Pap-algorithm-3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However the embedding error in MSB 6 equal 32 was trade-off with the embedding error in LSB 4 equal 8. Let P (i,j) a pixel of cover image and p" (i,j) watermarked image obtained by applying FOBCB set-of-MSB 6 scheme [15], respectively, and δ be the value of the (LSB 1,2,3,4 & MSB 5 ) as well as from {bit 1 to bit 5 …”

Section: A Pap-algorithm-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to the bit size of a payload that a watermark access unit can carry [5] or how many marks can be added simultaneously [6], [7]. Data payload: refers to the amount of information stored in the watermark [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Capacity: knowing how much information can reliably be hidden in the signal [2] and refers Manuscript received November 21, 2012; revised January 24, 2013. Mehemed Bashir Aliwa, Tarek El-Ahmady El-Tobely, Mahmoud M. Fahmy, and Mohamed EL Said Nasr are with the Faculty of Engineering-TANTA University, in Egypt (e-mail: aliwa97@hotmail.com, tarekeltobely@yahoo.com, mfn-288@ hotmail.com, menasr2001@hotmail.com).Mohamed Hashem Abd El-Aziz is with the Faculty of Computers and Information Sciences-Ain Shams University, in Egypt (e-mail: mhashem100@yahoo.com).to the bit size of a payload that a watermark access unit can carry [5] or how many marks can be added simultaneously [6], [7]. Data payload: refers to the amount of information stored in the watermark [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Let P (i,j) , 'P (i,j) and "P (i,j) be the corresponding pixel values of the cover image, 'P (i,j) the watermarked image obtained by applying algorithm FOBCB MSB6 [15] and "P (i,j) the refined watermarked image obtained after the applying proposed method (APAP-MPOEE) by FOBCB MSB6 [15] called APAP-MPOEE-FOBCB MSB6 . Let"s Ω'=|'P (i,j) −P (i,j) | be the embedding error between P (i,j) and 'P (i,j) according to the embedding process of the FOBCB MSB6 , the following steps of proposed method APAP-MPOEE MSBn , where 6 ≤ n ≤ 8.Step1: Extract pixel from the cover image P (i,j) and converted in to the binary bits (LSB (1,2,3,4) & MSB (5,6,7,8) ), then set of the MSB 6 in each pixel within the boundary of corners board, as well as when the {MSB 6 of cover image pixel = EMB the embedded watermark bit W (i,j) } then do nothing. Otherwise when the MSB 6 in cover image pixel not equal the embedded watermark bit (EMB), MSB 6 ≠ EMB, thus the pixel value of cover image P (i,j) can be further segmented into intervals, whereas the Max-pixel value of cover image in interval with 8 bit at in the range 0≤P (i,j) <256, theoretically, can be derived the intervals depending on the embedding error =(2 n-1 ) in each bit as: (16) the all number of intervals in MSB n =8, n=6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Novel Fidelity Digital Watermarking Adaptively Pixel Based on Medial Pyramid of Embedding Error in Spatial Domain and Robust

Aliwa¹,

Eltobely²,

Fahmy³

et al. 2013

IJCTE

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Abstract-Digital watermarking refers to techniques that are used to protect digital data by imperceptibly embedding watermark into the original data in such a way that always remains present. In particular, digital watermarking techniques in frequency domain have been widely recognized to be more prevalent than others, but in recent years the techniques in spatial domain they are becoming generally abandoned. One of the problems in digital watermarking is that the three requirements of robustness capacity and imperceptibility, that are must be satisfied but they almost conflict with each other, accordingly there are trade-off between fidelity and robustness. In this paper, we proposed a new novel fidelity and robust watermark embedding method that satisfies the requirements and statement problem, called adaptively pixel adjustment process based on medial pyramid of embedding error, applying in the falling-off-boundary in corners board of the cover image set of the Most Significant Bit '6' blind in spatial domain. In addition, the paper provides a theoretical analysis and modified algorithms of previous works. Theoretically, the proposed technique proves the effectiveness of the technique in the average of worst case and minimizing the number of embedding error to the half. Experimental results of the proposed technique was applied on the different benchmark of six gray scale images and two quantum of watermark bit embedded are compared with previous works and was found better. Moreover in all different benchmark of six test images the watermarks were extracted from watermark degrading, removal and geometric transformations attacks to an acceptable degree.Index Terms-Fidelity, digital watermarking, imperceptible, spatial domain, LSB & MSB, benchmark. I. INTRODUCTIONDigital watermarking is a technique which allows an individual to add hidden copyright or other messages to digital audio, video, or image signals [1], [2]. The important watermarking characteristics are exhibit. Imperceptibility: means that the perceived quality of the host image should not be distorted by the presence of the watermark [3]. Fidelity: refers to the term imperceptible as it is referred in the literature of watermarks [4]. Capacity: knowing how much information can reliably be hidden in the signal [2] and refers Manuscript received November 21, 2012; revised January 24, 2013. Mehemed Bashir Aliwa, Tarek El-Ahmady El-Tobely, Mahmoud M. Fahmy, and Mohamed EL Said Nasr are with the Faculty of Engineering-TANTA University, in Egypt (e-mail: aliwa97@hotmail.com, tarekeltobely@yahoo.com, mfn-288@ hotmail.com, menasr2001@hotmail.com).Mohamed Hashem Abd El-Aziz is with the Faculty of Computers and Information Sciences-Ain Shams University, in Egypt (e-mail: mhashem100@yahoo.com).to the bit size of a payload that a watermark access unit can carry [5] or how many marks can be added simultaneously [6], [7]. Data payload: refers to the amount of information stored in the watermark [4]. Robustness: The ability of the watermark to survive normal ...

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Section: Pap-algorithm-3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Pap-algorithm-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Novel Fidelity Digital Watermarking Adaptively Pixel Based on Medial Pyramid of Embedding Error in Spatial Domain and Robust

Aliwa¹,

Eltobely²,

Fahmy³

et al. 2013

IJCTE

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Detection of Hidden Information, Covert Channels and Information Flows

Johnson¹,

Sallee²

2008

Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security

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Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the intended recipient knows of the existence of the message. Hiding or embedding steganographic data digitally is accomplished through the use of mathematical techniques to add information content to digital objects—often images, video, and audio, but even other digital objects such as executable code. Steganalysis is the examination of an object to determine the presence of steganographic content, and potentially to characterize or extract such embedded information. Watermarking refers to embedding content that conveys some information about the cover object (e.g. copyright information). In this context, digital data forensics is the use of science and technology to determine information about how a digital object was formed or modified, even in the absence of the original object. Detection of covert information flows relies on the ability to detect information hidden within a stream of information that is transmitted from one system to another.

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