Watermarking of chest CT scan medical images for content authentication

Memon, Noor Ahmed; Gilani, S.A.M.; Ali, Asad

doi:10.1109/icict.2009.5268167

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, virtual private network (VPN), firewall, etc., as well as encryption, cryptographic hash function, or their derivatives such as digital signature (DS), machine authentication code (MAC), manipulation detection code (MDC), and perceptual hashing, etc. However, these conventional security measures are considered to have limitations specially in protecting the medical images [6,7,13,18,[30][31][32][33][34], which are summarized in Table 2 and should be properly addressed for the improved security.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Existing Security Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrity control objective of watermarking ascertains that the image has not been modified in an unauthorized manner. Digital watermarking allows permanent association of image content with proofs of its reliability by modifying [some] image pixel values, independently of the image file format [13]. It can also operate in a standalone environment and has a versatile message set.…”

Section: Advantages Of Digital Watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A robust watermarking used for content authentication purpose requires comparatively lower embedding capacity than that required for annotations purposes of a fragile/semifragile watermark [93,94]. Research shows that LSB embedding techniques offer comparatively higher embedding capacity [13,95].…”

Section: Choice Of Design and Evaluation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Watermarking systems have room for employing encryption for the additional confidentiality of metadata (e.g., in generating watermark). Memon et al [13] proposed a digital watermarking scheme, in which watermark is comprised of patient information, hospital logo, and message authentication code, computed using hash function. To ensure inaccessibility of embedded data to the adversaries, BCH encryption of watermark is performed there.…”

Section: Digital Watermarking Versus Other Security Measures/toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These requirements are being achieved by different conventional measures, which are thought to be incapable of providing the required security of the electronic radiology information in the PACS/RIS-based teleradiology [5][6][7]. On the other hand, recent studies show the possibility of using digital watermarking for improving security in teleradiology [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology

2012

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Teleradiology allows medical images to be transmitted over electronic networks for clinical interpretation and for improved healthcare access, delivery, and standards. Although such remote transmission of the images is raising various new and complex legal and ethical issues, including image retention and fraud, privacy, malpractice liability, etc., considerations of the security measures used in teleradiology remain unchanged. Addressing this problem naturally warrants investigations on the security measures for their relative functional limitations and for the scope of considering them further. In this paper, starting with various security and privacy standards, the security requirements of medical images as well as expected threats in teleradiology are reviewed. This will make it possible to determine the limitations of the conventional measures used against the expected threats. Furthermore, we thoroughly study the utilization of digital watermarking for teleradiology. Following the key attributes and roles of various watermarking parameters, justification for watermarking over conventional security measures is made in terms of their various objectives, properties, and requirements. We also outline the main objectives of medical image watermarking for teleradiology and provide recommendations on suitable watermarking techniques and their characterization. Finally, concluding remarks and directions for future research are presented.

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