Waterborne Protozoan Pathogens

Marshall, Marilyn M.; Naumovitz, Donna W.; Ortega, Ynés R.; Sterling, C. R.

doi:10.1128/cmr.11.2.404

Cited by 42 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…High levels of bacteria at the interface lead to an increase in the prevalence of amoebae and are probably one primary factor that stimulates excystment (Rodriguez-Zaragoza 1994;Sadaka et al 1994). In addition to existing as free-living organisms, certain amoebae, particularly species of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria, can act as opportunistic pathogens of man (Marshall et al 1997). This ability has lead to the classification of these and related taxa as ''amphizoic'' amoebae (John 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is interesting that 10% of the PAME cases worldwide have occurred in the Richmond, Virginia area (Callicott 1968;Dos Santos and Neto1970). Several species of Acanthamoeba can cause another rare, fatal disease, granulomatous amebic encephalitis (Marshall et al 1997). This disease is primarily associated with persons who have suppressed immune systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA

Ettinger

Webb

Harris

et al. 2002

Parasitology Research

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A comprehensive survey to document the presence of free-living amoebae was conducted along 58 km of James River, near Richmond, Virginia, USA. Sites included tidal and non-tidal freshwater areas, near 40 combined sewer outflows, three municipal wastewater treatment plant release sites, and thermal discharge from a coal-fired power plant. Amoebae were present on all collection dates, spring through autumn, and at all sites ( n=330). Five genera, Naegleria, Vannella, Acanthamoeba, Vahlkampfia, and Hartmannella were present in both the water column and sediment. The most common isolates from the water column were Naegleria and Vannella. Water conditions conducive to the presence of large quantities of fecal coliform bacteria were correlated with the prevalence of free-living amoebae. Some of the amoebae in this complex ecosystem can act as opportunistic pathogens, may play a role in diseases of aquatic organisms in this heavily urbanized river, and may present a risk to human health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA

Ettinger

Webb

Harris

et al. 2002

Parasitology Research

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“…The parasite passes through a life cycle consisting of a mobile, non-infective trophozoite stage and an immobile, infective cyst form (Marshall et al 1997). Among other components, a set of cysteine proteases is responsible for the penetration of human intestinal tissues (Espinosa-Cantellano and Martinez-Palomo 2000; Que and Reed 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

The second cysteine protease inhibitor, EhICP2, has a different localization in trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica than EhICP1

et al. 2006

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The genome of Entamoeba histolytica contains two genes encoding inhibitors of cysteine proteases of the chagasin family. In contrast to that of EhICP1, the derived primary structure of the second inhibitor, EhICP2, possesses a typical N-terminal signal sequence. Processed EhICP2 is as weakly related to amoebiasin-1 (27% identity) as to chagasin (identity 30%), indicating a different evolutionary origin of both amebic genes. By Northern blots, we confirmed the expression of the ehicp2 gene, and in Western blots, the presence of the 11.5-kDa protein in trophozoite extracts was demonstrated. The inhibitor localized to large intracellular structures clearly differs from those containing EhICP1 as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. Recombinant EhICP2 significantly inhibited the cysteine protease activity of the amebic cell extract but with a lower extent than EhICP1. An overlay assay using a crude trophozoite extract demonstrated binding affinity of the amebic cysteine protease EhCP1 to EhICP2.

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“…The parasite is known to infect a wide host range, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, and all Giardia in mammalian isolated are currently classified as Giardia lamblia, also which has been used the name with G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis (Marshall et al 1997;Eilice 1952). The genus Giardia has been divided into three morphologic types; G, lambia (G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis), G. muris, G. aglis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs

Chon¹,

Kim

2005

Parasitol Res

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We have reported previously the efficacy of antiprotozoal drugs against canine giardiasis (In press, Journal of Veterinary Clinic, the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics). Fenbendazole was found to be the most efficacious for the treatment of canine giardiasis. There were no significant differences between the efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole against canine giardiasis. On the other hand, the efficacy of metronidazole for the treatment of canine giardiasis, the efficacy was lower when compared to that of albendazole and fenbendazole. On the basis of these results, to evaluate clinical effect of silymarin, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole alone, or combined with silymarin for 2 weeks for canine giardiasis. In addition, to observe effects on nutrition, we investigated the changes of body weight, the serum biochemical indicators for liver inflammation (GOT, GPT, NH3), the liver cell regeneration indicators (total protein, albumin) and the hematological changes during treatment (WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC). The dogs were allocated to four groups; one group was treated with silymarin (3.5 mg/kg once a day, oral), another with metronidazole (50 mg/kg once a day, oral), and the other group with silymarin (3.5 mg/kg once a day, oral) plus metronidazole (50 mg/kg once a day, oral), while control group remained nontreated. The fecal samples from all the dogs were examined, using the ZSCT and giardia antigen test kit (SNAP(*) Giardia, IDEXX Laboratories), from each dog of each group for three times a week for 2 weeks. Dogs were considered to have giardiasis when one or more of the fecal samples had positive results for Giardia cysts. Seven days after treatment, the efficacy of silymarin plus metronidazole was found 79%, whereas that of metronidazole was 72%. Ten days post-treatment the efficacy of metronidazole plus silymarin (91%) was significantly different in comparison with that of metronidazole (75%). Two weeks post-treatment no cysts were detected in the fecal samples in the dogs of metronidazole or silymarin plus metronidazole-treated groups. Whereas, the fecal samples of all the dogs of the control and only silymarin-treated groups were giardia positive. Signs of side effects were not observed in silymarin plus metronidazole-treated dogs. But poor appetite and intermittent vomiting signs were observed in two dogs of the metronidazole-treated group that resolved when metronidazole administration was discontinued. The body weight of those treated with metronidazole was significantly decreased in comparison with those treated with silymarin and metronidazole plus silymarin. There were significant differences of body weight between the dogs treated with silymarin and metronidazole. Two weeks after metronidazole treatment, serum concentration of GOT, GPT and NH3 were significantly increased in comparison with those treated with silymarin. On the other hand, the serum concentration of GOT, GPT and NH3 were not significantly increased when treated with silymarin plus metronidazole compared t...

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Waterborne Protozoan Pathogens

Abstract: Volume 10, no. 1, p. 82: Reference 30 is incorrect. The reference that should have been cited is shown below.

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA

Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA

The second cysteine protease inhibitor, EhICP2, has a different localization in trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica than EhICP1

Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs

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