Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States

Craun, Michael F.; Craun, Gunther F.; Calderon, Rebecca L.; Beach, Michael J.

doi:10.2166/wh.2006.016

Cited by 215 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…While irrigation is often the most important contributor to national water consumption (Jiménez and Asano, 2008), because of global change the world is facing increasing limitations of water resources (IPCC, 2012) in terms of quantity (Lazarova and Asano, 2005) and quality (Craun et al, 2006).…”

Section: Water Resources Of Diminishing Quality and Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: Trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability

Nguyen-Thé

Bardin²,

Bérard

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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(2016). Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability.Science of the Total Environment, 562, 751-759. H I G H L I G H T S• Measures taken to improve safety were assessed for their impact on sustainability.• Fresh produce safety improvements may come at the expense of sustainability.• Environment, food security and human health constituted the three domains of sustainability.• Measures to improve safety should be adapted to each agrifood system. Fresh produce has been a growing cause of food borne outbreaks world-wide prompting the need for safer production practices. Yet fresh produce agrifood systems are diverse and under constraints for more sustainability. We analyze how measures taken to guarantee safety interact with other objectives for sustainability, in light of the diversity of fresh produce agrifood systems. The review is based on the publications at the interface between fresh produce safety and sustainability, with sustainability defined by low environmental impacts, food and nutrition security and healthy life. The paths for more sustainable fresh produce are diverse. They include an increased use of ecosystem services to e.g. favor predators of pests, or to reduce impact of floods, to reduce soil erosion, or to purify run-off waters. In contrast, they also include production systems isolated from the environment. From a socio-economical view, sustainability may imply maintaining small tenures with a higher risk of pathogen contamination. We analyzed the consequences for produce safety by focusing on risks of contamination by water, soil, environment and live stocks. Climate change may increase the constraints and recent knowledge on interactions between produce and human pathogens may bring new solutions. Existing technologies may suffice to resolve some conflicts between ensuring safety of fresh produce and moving towards more sustainability. However, socio-economic constraints of some agri-food systems may prevent their implementation. In addition, current strategies to preserve produce safety are not adapted to systems relying on ecological principles and knowledge is lacking to develop the new risk management approaches that would be needed. G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o

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Section: Water Resources Of Diminishing Quality and Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: Trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability

Nguyen-Thé

Bardin²,

Bérard

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Soils under no-till crop management often have more continuous flow channels (macro pores) than tilled soils [79][80][81], and this may contribute to the rapid movement of injected manure to the subsurface drains.Bacterial contamination of drainage effluent was reported to be most likely in: (a) artificially drained, wet soils; (b) soils receiving high rates of liquid manure; and (c) soils that demonstrated preferential flow [82]. Several studies [77,[83][84][85][86] reported that the application of liquid manure to drained fields resulted in elevated levels of nutrients and bacteria in the receiving waters compared to sites where liquid manure was not applied.…”

Section: Association Of Biosolids and Manure Application With Microbimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MST study on recreational water contamination in southeastern Lake Huron demonstrated that the dominant source of E. coli in lake water samples was agriculture, which supplied about 60% of the bacteria to the lake, whereas human sources provided only about three percent [87]. In addition, one study carried out on the South Shore Beach in Milwaukee concluded that the high E. coli levels were from local sources of pollution and were rarely affected by regional contamination events such as sewage overflows [88].…”

Section: Association Of Biosolids and Manure Application With Microbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Biosolids and Manure Application on Microbial Water Quality in Rural Areas in the US

Oun

Kumar

Harrigan

et al. 2014

Water

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Most of the waterborne disease outbreaks observed in North America are associated with rural drinking water systems. The majority of the reported waterborne outbreaks are related to microbial agents (parasites, bacteria and viruses). Rural areas are characterized by high livestock density and lack of advanced treatment systems for animal and human waste, and wastewater. Animal waste from livestock production facilities is often applied to land without prior treatment. Biosolids (treated municipal wastewater sludge) from large wastewater facilities in urban areas are often transported and applied to land in rural areas. This situation introduces a potential for risk of human exposure to waterborne contaminants such as human and zoonotic pathogens originating from manure, biosolids, and leaking septic systems. This paper focuses on waterborne outbreaks and sources of microbial pollution in rural areas in the US, characterization of the microbial load of biosolids and manure, association of biosolid and manure application with microbial contamination of surface and groundwater, risk assessment and best management practice for biosolids and manure application to protect water quality. Gaps in knowledge are identified, and recommendations to improve the water quality in the rural areas are discussed. OPEN ACCESS

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“…In the US, 3-10 billion gallons of untreated wastewater are discharged annually. These "sanitary sewer overflows" as a result of blockages Sources of waterborne disease outbreaks shifting to distribution systems [1].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Smart Grid as a public health protection tool: using Smart Grid technologies for monitoring distribution systems

Symmonds¹,

Hill²

2013

Water Resources Management VII

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Since the introduction of the Safe Drinking Water Act, there has been a marked reduction in the number of water-borne disease outbreaks attributed to water treatment systems. Over the same period, however, the percentage of disease outbreaks attributable to defects in the distribution system has increased exponentially. Interestingly, as a result of the continuous aging infrastructure employed by our water utilities, the number of waterborne disease cases has increased in the last decade. The smart grid for water can be used to significantly improve both the utility's understanding of water quality in the distribution system, but can dramatically increase the response time and provide the means to ensure public health protection. This paper will present the use of the Analytical Water Quality Assurance Program developed to provide instantaneous water quality notifications throughout the utility organization.

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Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States

Cited by 215 publications

References 20 publications

Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: Trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability

Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: Trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability

Effects of Biosolids and Manure Application on Microbial Water Quality in Rural Areas in the US

The Smart Grid as a public health protection tool: using Smart Grid technologies for monitoring distribution systems

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