Waterborne Outbreak of Intestinal Microsporidiosis in Persons with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Cotte, Laurent; Rabodonirina, Méja; Chapuis, François; Bailly, François; Bissuel, F.; Raynal, Cyril; Gelas, P.; Persat, Florence; Piens, Marie‐Antoinette; Trépo, Christian

doi:10.1086/315112

Cited by 184 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Waterborne transmission plays a major role in the transmission of these parasites to the population, at large. Several outbreaks of giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, and toxocarosis, to one degree or another, are attributed to water and food transmission via (oo)cysts or ova of these parasites (Yilmaz and Hopkins, 1972;Benenson et al, 1982;Mac Kenzie et al, 1994;Bowie et al, 1997;Cotte et al, 1999;Slifko et al, 2000). In such cases, human infection can occur either by direct consumption or by the use of contaminated water in food processing or preparation.…”

Section: Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Sabino

Rodrigues

Costa

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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Beaches worldwide provide recreational opportunities to hundreds of millions of people and serve as important components of coastal economies. Beach water is often monitored for microbiological quality to detect the presence of indicators of human sewage contamination so as to prevent public health outbreaks associated with water contact. However, growing evidence suggests that beach sand can harbor microbes harmful to human health, often in concentrations greater than the beach water. Currently, there are no standards for monitoring, sampling, analyzing, or managing beach sand quality. In addition to indicator microbes, growing evidence has identified pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in a variety of beach sands worldwide. The public health threat associated with these populations through direct and indirect contact is unknown because so little research has been conducted relating to health outcomes associated with sand quality. In this manuscript, we present the consensus findings of a workshop of experts convened in Lisbon, Portugal to discuss the current state of knowledge on beach sand microbiological quality and to develop suggestions for standardizing the evaluation of sand at coastal beaches. The expert group at the "Microareias 2012" workshop recommends that 1) beach sand should be screened for a variety of pathogens harmful to human health, and sand monitoring should then be initiated alongside regular water monitoring; 2) sampling and analysis protocols should be standardized to allow proper comparisons among beach locations; and 3) further studies are needed to estimate human health risk with exposure to contaminated beach sand. Much of the manuscript is focused on research specific to Portugal, but similar results have been found elsewhere, and the findings have worldwide implications.

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Section: Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Sabino

Rodrigues

Costa

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Microsporidian spores are commonly found in surface water and human pathogenic Microsporidia have been found in municipal water supplies, tertiary sewage effluent and ground water (Avery and Undeen, 1987;Sparfel et al, 1997;Dowd et al, 1998;Cotte et al, 1999). It is possible that many of the Microsporidia are zoonotic human infections.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Weiss

2005

International Journal for Parasitology

125

111

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All of the members of the Microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialised structure, the polar tube. This article reviews the available data on the organisation, structure and function of this invasion organelle. It was over 100 years ago that Thelohan accurately described the microsporidian polar tube and the triggering of its discharge. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell. The mechanism of germination of spores, however, remains to be definitively determined. In addition, further studies on the characterisation of the early events in the rupture of the anterior attachment complex, eversion of the polar tube as well as the mechanism of host cell attachment and penetration are needed in order to clarify the function and assembly of this structure. The application of immunological and molecular techniques has resulted in the identification of three polar tube proteins referred to as PTP1, PTP2 and PTP3. The interactions of these identified proteins in the formation and function of the polar tube remain to be determined. Data suggest that PTP1 is an O-mannosylated glycoprotein, a post-translational modification that may be important for its function. With the availability of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi genome it is now possible to apply proteomic techniques to the characterisation of the components of the microsporidian spore and invasion organelle.

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“…Molecular taxonomic studies suggest that the microsporidia are related to fungi (Wittner and Weiss, 1999). Microsporidia have been found in municipal water supplies, tertiary sewage effluent, and surface and groundwater (Cotte et al, 1999;Dowd et al, 1998). It is likely that many human infections with microsporidia are of zoonotic origin although person-to-person transmission has been described (Leelayoova et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

Samie

Obi

Tzipori

et al. 2007

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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SummaryMicrosporidia were initially recognized as pathogens of insects and fish but have recently emerged as an important group of human pathogens, especially in immune-compromised individuals, such as those with HIV infection. In this study, we used a PCR-RFLP assay confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and trichrome staining to determine the prevalence of microsporidian infections among hospital patients and school children in Vhembe region. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the only microsporidian species detected in these stool samples. It was found in 33 (12.9%) of 255 samples from the hospitals and in 3 (4.5%) of 67 samples from primary school children and was significantly associated (P = 0.039) with diarrhea in HIV-positive patients (21.6%) compared to HIV-negative individuals (9%). However, microsporidian infections were not associated with intestinal inflammation as indicated by the lactoferrin test. These results suggest that microsporidia might be a cause of secretory diarrhea in HIV-positive patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in the Vhembe region of South Africa. Further investigations are needed in order to clarify the pathogenesis of E. bieneusi in HIV-positive patients. Authors' contributions: AS, CLO, ST and RLG conceived the study; AS, ST, LMW and RLG designed the study; RLG provided supplies for the laboratory studies that were conducted in his laboratory; AS ran all the laboratory analysis; AS, CLO, LMW and RLG participated in the data analysis; AS and RLG drafted the paper; CLO, ST, LMW and RLG critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. AS and RLG are guarantors of the paper. Conflict of interest: None declared.Ethical approval: The study was approved by the research and ethical committee of the University of Venda and the Department of Health and Welfare and the Department of Education in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa, before the initiation of the study. The molecular analysis was conducted according to the University of Virginia ethics guidelines on non-identified samples.

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Waterborne Outbreak of Intestinal Microsporidiosis in Persons with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Cited by 184 publications

References 38 publications

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

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