Abstract:An unexpected increase in gastroenteritis cases was reported by healthcare workers on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, January 2017 with >600 cases seen over a 3-week period. A case-control study was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the outbreak so as to recommend control and prevention measures. Record review identified cases and controls and structured-telephonic interviews were conducted to obtain exposure history. Stool specimens were collected from 20 cases along wit… Show more
“…The SIR deterministic compartmental models have made it possible to highlight the role of school collectivities in increasing the transmission of the emerging strain in the population, as well as the effectiveness of control measures. The use of R0 and mathematical models in determining the effectiveness of hygiene measures was also mentioned by Gaythorpe et al in a recent review of the modeling and dynamics of norovirus transmission 25…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The basic reproduction number R0 was calculated, defined as “the average number of secondary infections occurring when one infected person is introduced into a completely susceptible population”, with the formula Ro = C × P × D, where C stands for contacts, P is the infection probability among contacts, and D is the contagiousness duration 24,25. The attack rate was calculated as the total number of cases divided by the total population at risk.…”
Purpose
This study shows the epidemiological profile of the first gastroenteritis outbreak of GII.P17 in the Romanian territory. An outbreak with such large amplitude in a European territory was previously undocumented.
Patients and methods
Using a cross-sectional design, with the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) deterministic compartmental model for a fixed population, and the cluster method for establishing the high-incidence zones, we carried out our investigation by means of questionnaires containing personal data, affected collectivities, disease onset and duration, symptoms displayed, medical assistance provided, previous antibiotic intake where applicable, food consumption and water sources, and sanitation conditions. The confirmation of cases was done based on the typical norovirus gastroenteritis symptomatology and using three laboratory confirmations (by molecular diagnosis) for GII.P17-GII.17 genotype noroviruses from three patients.
Results
A gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in October–November 2015, affecting 328 people in Arad, a county in Western Romania, covering 44 neighbouring localities with a total population of 35,440 people. The study detected an inter-human transmission of the infection, with an intrafamilial risk of disease of 2.26 (95% CI 1.76 to 2.90) compared with the community transmission (in school collectivity). The basic reproduction number
Ro
dropped from 1.26 to 0.18 during weeks 43:44, after controlling the transmission by decontamination and isolation.
Conclusion
SIR made it possible to highlight the expansion of the emerging norovirus strain infection from community to family collectivities. This study provides practical solutions to limit disease cases, even in the absence of etiology, and shows the importance of sometimes underestimated traditional control methods.
“…The SIR deterministic compartmental models have made it possible to highlight the role of school collectivities in increasing the transmission of the emerging strain in the population, as well as the effectiveness of control measures. The use of R0 and mathematical models in determining the effectiveness of hygiene measures was also mentioned by Gaythorpe et al in a recent review of the modeling and dynamics of norovirus transmission 25…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The basic reproduction number R0 was calculated, defined as “the average number of secondary infections occurring when one infected person is introduced into a completely susceptible population”, with the formula Ro = C × P × D, where C stands for contacts, P is the infection probability among contacts, and D is the contagiousness duration 24,25. The attack rate was calculated as the total number of cases divided by the total population at risk.…”
Purpose
This study shows the epidemiological profile of the first gastroenteritis outbreak of GII.P17 in the Romanian territory. An outbreak with such large amplitude in a European territory was previously undocumented.
Patients and methods
Using a cross-sectional design, with the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) deterministic compartmental model for a fixed population, and the cluster method for establishing the high-incidence zones, we carried out our investigation by means of questionnaires containing personal data, affected collectivities, disease onset and duration, symptoms displayed, medical assistance provided, previous antibiotic intake where applicable, food consumption and water sources, and sanitation conditions. The confirmation of cases was done based on the typical norovirus gastroenteritis symptomatology and using three laboratory confirmations (by molecular diagnosis) for GII.P17-GII.17 genotype noroviruses from three patients.
Results
A gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in October–November 2015, affecting 328 people in Arad, a county in Western Romania, covering 44 neighbouring localities with a total population of 35,440 people. The study detected an inter-human transmission of the infection, with an intrafamilial risk of disease of 2.26 (95% CI 1.76 to 2.90) compared with the community transmission (in school collectivity). The basic reproduction number
Ro
dropped from 1.26 to 0.18 during weeks 43:44, after controlling the transmission by decontamination and isolation.
Conclusion
SIR made it possible to highlight the expansion of the emerging norovirus strain infection from community to family collectivities. This study provides practical solutions to limit disease cases, even in the absence of etiology, and shows the importance of sometimes underestimated traditional control methods.
“…However, these practices also had lower coverage overall, particularly the two large practices in London, where coverage if childhood vaccinations is known to be lower than other areas of England. 6,9,10 Due to the level of data collected from within a busy general practice, the sample size was small. This means that the absolute costs are unlikely to be generalizable to General Practices in England more widely.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8 In addition, the national averages do not reflect the significant and persistent regional variation, where coverage both in London and other large urban centers is significantly lower than other parts of the country (for example, in 2017 DTaP-IPV-Hib 12 months: England 93.4%, London 88.8%; MMR2 5 years: England 87.6%, London 79.5%), which exists alongside lower coverage in certain ethnic groups and in areas of higher deprivation. 9,10 For older adults, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was introduced in 2003 and mean coverage in 2018 was 69.5%, but with significant geographic variation, ranging from 48.2% in the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea to 78.1% in Knowsley (North West region.) 11 Vaccination against shingles was introduced in 2013 and cumulative mean coverage remains low at 41.0% 12…”
Background: The expansion of available vaccines in recent years has increased the overall costs of the vaccine program and put pressure on providers responsible for vaccination. In England in 2016–17, GP practices responsible for vaccinating their local population were paid £227 million. However, the costs to general practice of delivering the program and the factors influencing these costs are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the costs of delivering the routine vaccination program at GP practices in England, to identify organizational factors impacting costs, and to compare these to the funding received.Methods: Time Driven Activity Based Costing was undertaken at a convenience sample of nine geographically and socio-economically diverse GP practices in 2017–2018. Cost data were gathered for the preceding year using a survey and clinical and administrative staff kept activity logs for a 2-week period.Results: The mean cost of delivering a childhood vaccination appointment was £18.20 (range £9.71-£25.97) and an adult appointment cost £14.05 (range £7.59-£20.88), of which 75% was for staff, 24% for facility costs and 1% for consumables. Organizational factors contributing to lower costs include: shorter length of allocated appointment; greater use of administrative and reception staff; lower working time for practice manager and practice nurse; and use of health-care assistants for adult vaccinations. The costs identified are lower than payments at all practices.Conclusions: Funding received for vaccination activities was higher than costs at included practices. Several organizational factors have been identified that impact on program delivery costs that could be modified.
“…Further, the enteric viruses like adenoviruses and enteroviruses were also confirmed from the water samples taken from the Lake Victoria in Kenya ( Opere et al, 2020 ). Although some of the tested samples only confirmed the genetic materials of the viruses with no possible viability, the reported viral infections associated with drinking water supplies cannot be entirely ignored ( Verheyen et al, 2009 ; Sekwadi et al, 2018 ). Fig.…”
Section: Status Of Water Pollution In Developing Countriesmentioning
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
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