Water withdrawal for brackish and inland aquaculture, and options to produce more fish in ponds with present water use

Verdegem, Marc; Bosma, R.H.

doi:10.2166/wp.2009.003

Cited by 135 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…China's total aquaculture production in 2014 reached 64.6 million metric tons (Mt), with freshwater aquaculture accounting for 45.51% of this volume (Fisheries Department of Agriculture Ministry of China 2015). Freshwater aquaculture ponds are estimated to occupy 87 500 km 2 worldwide, 25 669 km 2 (29.34%) of which are located in China (Verdegem & Bosma 2009). Freshwater aquaculture ponds sequester about 13.1 Mt yr −1 of carbon globally, as organic carbon settles to the bottom of the ponds (Boyd et al 2010, Adhikari et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes across the sediment-water interface in different grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella polyculture models

Xiong¹,

Wang²,

Guo³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Benthic fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) were evaluated in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (G), silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (S), and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis (B) polyculture systems, to which topmouth culter Erythroculter ilishaeformis (T), Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (P), or common carp Cyprinus carpio (C) were added. These systems, GSBT, GSBP, and GSBC, respectively, were monitored over 5 mo (May to September 2014). The presence of L. vannamei and C. carpio increased CO 2 and CH 4 emissions in GSBP and GSBC, respectively. From June to August, CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes increased in the 3 systems, and in July and August these fluxes were significantly higher in GSBC than in GSBP and GSBT, and significantly higher in GSBP than in GSBT. The metabolisms of L. vannamei and C. carpio contributed to decrease dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation−reduction levels, and the bioturbation of the upper sediment layers caused by these species increased organic matter degradation rate, resulting in a significant increase in particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the overlying water. Our results indicate that improving feeding efficiency and reducing organic carbon accumulation on the bottom of aquaculture ponds, as well as increasing dissolved oxygen and decreasing bioturbation across the sediment−water interface during farming seasons, is likely to reduce CO 2 and CH 4 release from aquaculture pond sediment, especially in July and August.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes across the sediment-water interface in different grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella polyculture models

Xiong¹,

Wang²,

Guo³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…Going one step further, Verdegem et al (2006) and Verdegem and Bosma (2009) consider both direct (system associated) and indirect (feed associated) water use of pond aquaculture. Verdegem et al (2006) identify the reduction of grain utilization in aquafeeds as a research priority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production

Pahlow

Oel

Mekonnen

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

181

102

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As aquaculture becomes more important for feeding the growing world population, so too do the required natural resources needed to produce aquaculture feed. While there is potential to replace fish meal and fish oil with terrestrial feed ingredients, it is important to understand both the positive and negative implications of such a development. The use of feed with a large proportion of terrestrial feed may reduce the pressure on fisheries to provide feed for fish, but at the same time it may significantly increase the pressure on freshwater resources, due to water consumption and pollution in crop production for aquafeed. Here the green, blue and gray water footprint of cultured fish and crustaceans related to the production of commercial feed for the year 2008 has been determined for the major farmed species, representing 88% of total fed production. The green, blue and gray production-weighted average feed water footprints of fish and crustaceans fed commercial aquafeed are estimated at 1629 m3/t, 179 m3/t and 166 m3/t, respectively. The estimated global total water footprint of commercial aquafeed was 31-35 km3 in 2008. The top five contributors to the total water footprint of commercial feed are Nile tilapia, Grass carp, Whiteleg shrimp, Common carp and Atlantic salmon, which together have a water footprint of 18.2 km3. An analysis of alternative diets revealed that the replacement of fish meal and fish oil with terrestrial feed ingredients may further increase pressure on freshwater resources. At the same time economic consumptive water productivity may be reduced, especially for carnivorous species. The results of the present study show that, for the aquaculture sector to grow sustainably, freshwater consumption and pollution due to aquafeed need to be taken into account.

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“…Water use per kg production in aquaculture varies over a broad range, from 0.15 to more than 100 m 3 kg −1 fish produced (Verdegem & Bosma 2009). In this study, water use kg −1 striped catfish production was 20-77 times lower than for trout production in raceways, and 3-14 times smaller than for intensive shrimp ponds (Table 10).…”

Section: Water Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

Nhut¹,

Hảo²,

Bosma³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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To assess the potential for improving sustainability and efficiency in an important Vietnamese finfish culture, we quantified sustainability indicators for 2 downstream and 2 upstream 3 to 4 m deep ponds for striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) production along the Mekong River, Vietnam. The resources used per kg fish produced were (downstream vs. upstream): 2.8 vs. 7.1 m 3 water, 0.04 vs. 0.14 kWh energy, 0.06 vs. 0.11 h human labour and 0.06 vs. 0.15 g antibiotics (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (kg feed dry matter per kg fish wet weight) was 1.50 vs. 1.65 and feed dry matter utilization efficiency was similar (28 vs. 30%) for both types of ponds (p > 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies were 44 vs. 40% for nitrogen (p < 0.05) and 17.7 vs. 17.6% for phosphorus (p > 0.05). An advantage of production in deep ponds is the breakdown of organic matter through denitrification and fermentation. Based on the difference between feed input and monitored outputs and sinks, an estimated 29-37% of dry matter volatilized as CO 2 and 30-34% of nitrogen was lost as N 2 . A major disadvantage of the deep pond production system is its dependency on water exchange with the Mekong River, resulting in low biosecurity, which is aggravated by the lack of availability of disease-free fingerlings. Dealing with disease caused farmers to apply suboptimal feeding rations and to lengthen the culture period. Developing (semi-)closed systems that adopt elements from recirculation technology could improve both culture performance and sustainability.

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Water withdrawal for brackish and inland aquaculture, and options to produce more fish in ponds with present water use

Cited by 135 publications

References 40 publications

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes across the sediment-water interface in different grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella polyculture models

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes across the sediment-water interface in different grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella polyculture models

Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

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