Water with Excess Electric Charge

Abstract

The electroneutrality principle 1 expresses the fact that all pure substances carry a net charge of zero. However, real substances in the environment are usually under significant static potential gradients and thus under nonzero electric potential. 2 The electrochemical potential (μ) (eq 1) of ions under a given electric potential (V)

Liquid–gas surface tension voltage dependence during electrowetting on dielectric testing of water and 5–90 nm gold nanofluids

“…The change in surface charge density seems to occur more strongly for the first voltage increment. Similar to the result presented here the effective liquid-gas surface tension of pure water was observed to decrease in electric fields due to excess electric charges [58]. The electric field has been also predicted to change the molecular O-H bound lengths and the angle of H-O-H bound [59], however the applied fields were much larger than in our experiments.…”

“…charge accumulation at the liquid-solid interface is already known to be responsible for the decrease in the effective liquid-solid surface tension during electrowetting on dielectric experiments [22]. Similar to the result presented here the effective liquidgas surface tension of pure water was observed to decrease in electric fields due to excess electric charges [58]. However, for the gold nanofluids tested in this work there are further avenues to affect the liquid-gas surface energy.…”

Friction, tribochemistry and triboelectricity: recent progress and perspectives

“…43 Huge efforts have been made to obtain better materials to increase solar energy conversion efficiency and each one-percent gain is celebrated by researchers and the media. However, one of the biggest 75 limitations for the SP efficiency in the field is the shielding of light due to deposition of electrified dust. This is especially serious in deserts, the sites with higher levels of incident solar radiation on Earth but with abundant dust that easily adheres to the panel coatings.…”

Extracellular matrix and its role in conveying glial/neural interactions in health and disease

“…It turned out that it can. We refer to the experiments of Gerald Pollack and Fernando Galembeck (Ovchinnikova and Pollack [50]; Santos et al [56]). …”