Water waves generated by moving atmospheric pressure: theoretical analyses with applications to the 2022 Tonga event

Liu, Philip L.‐F.; Higuera, Pablo

doi:10.1017/jfm.2022.840

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Following the Tonga event, OWC models were used to simulate the generated meteotsunami along one-dimensional great-circle lines starting from Tonga (Kakinuma 2022; Sekizawa & Kohyama 2022; Tanioka, Yamanaka & Nakagaki 2022), two-dimensional (2-D) truncated regions of the globe (Heidarzadeh et al. 2022; Liu & Higuera 2022; Lynett et al. 2022; Pakoksung, Suppasri & Imamura 2022; Peida & Xiping 2022; Ren, Higuera & Liu 2022; Yamada et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

Winn

Sarmiento²,

Alferez

et al. 2023

J. Fluid Mech.

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The events following the 15 January 2022 explosions of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano highlighted the need for a better understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions when large amounts of energy are locally injected into one (or both). Starting from the compressible Euler equations, a two-way coupled (TWC) system is derived governing the long-wave behaviour of the ocean and atmosphere under isentropic constraint. Bathymetry and topography are accounted for along with three-dimensional atmospheric non-uniformities through their depth average over a spherical shell. A linear analysis, yielding two pairs of gravito-acoustic waves, offers explanations for phenomena observed during the Tonga event. A continuous transcritical regime (in terms of water depth) is identified as the source of large wave generation in deep water bodies, removing the singularity-driven Proudman-type resonance observed in one-way coupled models. The refractive properties, governing the interaction of the atmospheric wave with step changes in water depth, are derived to comment on mode-to-mode energy transfer. Two-dimensional global simulations modelling the propagation of the atmospheric wave (under realistic conditions on the day) and its worldwide effect on oceans are presented. Local maxima of water-height disturbance in the farfield from the volcano, linked to the atmospheric wave deformation (in agreement with observations), are identified, emphasising the importance of the TWC model for any daylong predictions. The proposed framework can be extended to include additional layers and physics, e.g. ocean and atmosphere stratification. With the aim of contributing to warning system improvement, the code necessary to simulate the event with the proposed model is made available.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

Winn

Sarmiento²,

Alferez

et al. 2023

J. Fluid Mech.

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“…However, since the atmospheric pressure fluctuations induced by the Tonga volcano eruption are significant and the leading wave is “locked” in phase with the atmospheric pressure wave, the DART reported data must be corrected to isolate the actual tsunami waves. Based on the analysis of Liu and Higuera (2022), the formula to approximately correct the DART measurements can be expressed as

\eta =\frac{1}{{F}_{r}^{2}}\zeta ,

in which F r is the local Froude number at the DART buoy location, calculated as

{F}_{r}=\frac{c}{\sqrt{gd}},

where c is the speed of the atmospheric pressure wave, which is fixed, and d is the local water depth. It can be observed that the correction method is dependent on the local water depth, and results in a reduction of the DART reported data for F r > 1, which is the case for the Tonga event.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, since the atmospheric pressure fluctuations induced by the Tonga volcano eruption are significant and the leading wave is "locked" in phase with the atmospheric pressure wave, the DART reported data must be corrected to isolate the actual tsunami waves. Based on the analysis of Liu and Higuera (2022), the formula to approximately correct the DART measurements can be expressed as…”

Section: Correction For Dart Buoy Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We note the arrival times of the locked and free waves in the near-field (e.g., DART G) are almost simultaneous, because the speed of propagation of the atmospheric pressure wave is small initially and increases to a constant value in the far-field (see Figure 4). The separation (i.e., difference in arrival times) between the leading locked wave and the free wave increases with the distance to the DART station (Liu & Higuera, 2022).…”

Section: Model/data Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This empirical atmospheric model is then used as the forcing function in a linear shallow water equation (LSWE) model to generate tsunami waves. The numerical results are compared with measurements, including the DART buoy data, which require a correction because the appearance of atmospheric pressure (Liu & Higuera, 2022). The wavelet analysis is applied to the corrected DART data and the numerical results to reveal the time evolution of the dominant wave components of the free surface elevation at selected DART stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Tsunami Waves Induced by Atmospheric Pressure Shock Waves After the 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption

2023

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On 15 January 2022 at approximately 04:15 (UTC), the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, located on the Tongan archipelago, exploded violently. The eruption produced a plume that elevated 58 km into the troposphere and an atmospheric pressure shock wave, propagating at a speed close to the sound speed, ∼306-320 m/s (Amores et al., 2022;Burt, 2022;Matoza et al., 2022;Yuen et al., 2022). These atmospheric pressure waves were captured at weather stations around the world and were found circling the Earth at least five times over several days following the explosion (Amores et al., 2022). In addition, sea level oscillations were also observed all around the world. In the Pacific Ocean, Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys recorded tsunami waves with amplitudes ranging from a few centimeters to 20 cm (https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/ Dart/). The post-tsunami survey shows that the peak tsunami height reached ∼20 m on south-eastern Nomuka Iki island and southern Tofua, which are 65 and 90 km from Tonga volcano (Borrero et al., 2022

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Multi-scale Simulation of Subsequent Tsunami Waves in Japan Excited by Air Pressure Waves Due to the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Miyashita,

Nishino,

et al. 2023

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption generated tsunamis that propagated across the Pacific Ocean. Along the coast of Japan, nearshore amplification led to amplitudes of nearly 1 m at some locations, with varying peak tsunami occurrence times. The leading tsunami wave can generally be reproduced by Lamb waves, which are a type of air-pressure wave generated by an eruption. However, subsequent tsunamis that occurred several hours after the leading wave tended to be larger for unknown reasons. This study performs multi-scale numerical simulations to investigate subsequent tsunami waves in the vicinity of Japan induced by air pressure waves caused by the eruption. The atmospheric pressure field was created using a dispersion relation of atmospheric gravity wave and tuned by physical parameters based on observational records. The tsunami simulations used the adaptive mesh refinement method, incorporating detailed bathymetry and topography to solve the tsunami at various spatial scales. The simulations effectively reproduced the tsunami waveforms observed at numerous coastal locations, and results indicate that the factors contributing to the maximum tsunami amplitude differ by region. In particular, bay resonance plays a major role in determining the maximum amplitude at many sites along the east coast of Japan. However, large tsunami amplification at some west coast locations was not replicated, probably because it was caused by amplification during oceanic wave propagation rather than meteorological factors. These findings enhance our understanding of meteotsunami complexity and help distinguish tsunami amplification factors.

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Water waves generated by moving atmospheric pressure: theoretical analyses with applications to the 2022 Tonga event

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

On Tsunami Waves Induced by Atmospheric Pressure Shock Waves After the 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption

Multi-scale Simulation of Subsequent Tsunami Waves in Japan Excited by Air Pressure Waves Due to the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption

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