Water temperature modelling in a small forested stream: implication of forest canopy and soil temperature

St‐Hilaire, André; Morin, Guy; El‐Jabi, Nassir; Caissie, Daniel

doi:10.1139/l00-021

Cited by 75 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Sinokrot and Stefan, 1993) or assumed a spatially uniform subsurface temperature that is a function of seasonal or annual mean air temperature (e.g. St-Hilaire et al, 2000;Ficklin et al, 2012). Our field observations revealed considerable variability in subsurface temperatures both through time and among loggers.…”

Section: Relative Roles Of Vertical and Lateral Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

Leach

Moore

2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Stream temperature dynamics during winter are less well studied than summer thermal regimes, but the winter season thermal regime can be critical for fish growth and development in coastal catchments. The winter thermal regimes of Pacific Northwest headwater streams, which provide vital winter habitat for salmonids and their food sources, may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate because they can remain ice-free throughout the year and are often located in rain-on-snow zones. This study examined winter stream temperature patterns and controls in small headwater catchments within the rain-on-snow zone at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two hypotheses were addressed by this study: (1) winter stream temperatures are primarily controlled by advective fluxes associated with runoff processes and (2) stream temperatures should be depressed during rain-on-snow events, compared to rain-on-bare-ground events, due to the cooling effect of rain passing through the snowpack prior to infiltrating the soil or being delivered to the stream as saturation-excess overland flow. A reach-scale energy budget analysis of two winter seasons revealed that the advective energy input associated with hillslope runoff overwhelms vertical energy exchanges (net radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, bed heat conduction, and stream friction) and hyporheic energy fluxes during rain and rainon-snow events. Historical stream temperature data and modelled snowpack dynamics were used to explore the influence of transient snow cover on stream temperature over 13 winters. When snow was not present, daily stream temperature during winter rain events tended to increase with increasing air temperature. However, when snow was present, stream temperature was capped at about 5 • C, regardless of air temperature. The stream energy budget modelling and historical analysis support both of our hypotheses. A key implication is that climatic warming may generate higher winter stream temperatures in the rain-on-snow zone due to both increased rain temperature and reduced cooling effect of snow cover.

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Section: Relative Roles Of Vertical and Lateral Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

Leach

Moore

2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The hydrological model includes 28 parameters from which 16 have physical meaning and 12 are adjusted based on goodness of fit only. The reader is referred to St-Hilaire et al [31] for a complete list and description of the parameters. The hydrological model was optimized based on Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criterion (NS; Equation (9)) and bias (Equation (10)), while the calibration of the thermal model relied on minimizing the root mean squared error (RMSE; Equation (11)) between observed and simulated water temperatures.…”

Section: Model Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H ini is the initial enthalpy, H s is the net solar radiation, H IR is the net longwave radiation, H e is the evaporative heat flux, H c is the sensible heat flux and H adv represents the advective fluxes. These advective fluxes include the energy transferred by surface runoff, interflow, groundwater, and overflow from lakes and marshes [31]. The temperature of the surface runoff is assumed to be equal to air temperature, base flow temperature is assumed to be constant and equal to the mean annual air temperature, and interflow is the average of the two previous terms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Temperature Ensemble Forecasts: Implementation Using the CEQUEAU Model on Two Contrasted River Systems

Ouellet-Proulx

St‐Hilaire

Boucher

2017

Water

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Abstract:In some hydrological systems, mitigation strategies are applied based on short-range water temperature forecasts to reduce stress caused to aquatic organisms. While various uncertainty sources are known to affect thermal modeling, their impact on water temperature forecasts remain poorly understood. The objective of this paper is to characterize uncertainty induced to water temperature forecasts by meteorological inputs in two hydrological contexts. Daily ensemble water temperature forecasts were produced using the CEQUEAU model for the Nechako (regulated) and Southwest Miramichi (natural) Rivers for 1-5-day horizons. The results demonstrate that a larger uncertainty is propagated to the thermal forecast in the unregulated river (0.92-3.14 • C) than on the regulated river (0.73-2.29 • C). Better performances were observed on the Nechako with a mean continuous ranked probability score (MCRPS) <0.85 • C for all horizons compared to the Southwest Miramichi (MCRPS ≈ 1 • C). While informing the end-user on future thermal conditions, the ensemble forecasts provide an assessment of the associated uncertainty and offer an additional tool to river managers for decision-making.

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“…For instance, the use of the deterministic CEQUEAU model on Catamaran Brook, Canada, yielded a RMSE of 1.8°C for a time series of daily temperatures measured between 1990and 1995(St-Hilaire et al, 2000. Most deterministic model performance values found in the literature were calculated for short simulation periods; which makes comparison even more difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of non-parametric and parametric water temperature models on the Nivelle River, France

Benyahya

St‐Hilaire

Ouarda

et al. 2008

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Water temperature is an important abiotic variable in aquatic habitat studies and may be one of the factors limiting the potential fish habitat (e.g. salmonids) in a stream. Stream water temperatures are modelled using statistical approaches with air temperature and streamflow as exogenous variables in the Nivelle River, southern France. Two different models are used to model mean weekly maximum temperature data: a non-parametric approach, the k-nearest neighbours method (k-NN) and a parametric approach, the periodic autoregressive model with exogenous variables (PARX). The k-NN is a data-driven method, which consists of finding, at each point of interest, a small number of neighbours nearest to this value, and the prediction is estimated based on these neighbours. The PARX model is an extension of commonly-used autoregressive models in which parameters are estimated for each period within the years. Different variants of air temperature and flow are used in the model development. In order to test the performance of these models, a jack-knife technique is used, whereby model goodness of fit is assessed separately for each year. The results indicate that both models give good performances, but the PARX model should be preferred, because of its good estimation of the individual weekly temperatures and its ability to explicitly predict water temperature using exogenous variables.Key words stream water temperature; non-parametric vs parametric models; PARX, k-nearest neighbours Comparaison de modèles paramétriques et non-paramétriques de température de l'eau de la Rivière Nivelle, France Résumé La température de l'eau est une variable très importante pour les études d'habitat aquatique. Elle peut être un facteur limitant pour plusieurs espèces de poisson, telles que les salmonidés. Cet article présente une modélisation statistique de la température de l'eau en utilisant la température de l'air et le débit comme variables explicatives. Les données utilisées dans la modélisation numérique sont les températures hebdomadaires de la rivière Nivelle (France). Deux modèles de température de l'eau sont alors proposés et comparés, soit la méthode non-paramétrique des k plus proches voisins (VPP) et le modèle périodique autorégressif avec variables exogènes (PARX). La méthode des VPP consiste à chercher dans tout l'historique, les k plus proches voisins qui serviront à estimer la température actuelle. Le modèle PARX est un modèle autorégressif dont les paramètres de chaque variable explicative sont estimés indépendamment pour chaque période de l'année. Plusieurs attributs de température de l'eau et du débit sont considérés. La performance des modèles a été évaluée pour chaque année en utilisant une technique de validation croisée de type "jack-knife". Les résultats préliminaires ont montré que le modèle PARX et le modèle VPP présentent une performance similaire dans la simulation des températures hebdomadaires. Toutefois, le modèle PARX demeure le plus approprié, car il préserve la persistance des séries périodiques ...

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Water temperature modelling in a small forested stream: implication of forest canopy and soil temperature

Cited by 75 publications

References 22 publications

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

Water Temperature Ensemble Forecasts: Implementation Using the CEQUEAU Model on Two Contrasted River Systems

Comparison of non-parametric and parametric water temperature models on the Nivelle River, France

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