Water Supply and Access to Safe Water in Developing Arid Countries

Gonçalves, Nemias; Valente, Teresa Maria Fernandes; Pamplona, J.

doi:10.25177/jeses.4.2.ra.497

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, chloride reveals a growing trend along the valley, from upstream to downstream. This could be confirming the marine influence pointed out by other authors (e.g., [40,61]).…”

Section: Water Quality and Risk Of Soil Salinizationsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hydrochemistry and Evolution of Water Quality in a Context of Aridity and Increasing Agriculture in Three River Sub-Basins of Santiago Island (Cape Verde)

et al. 2021

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In regions under development and facing recurrent droughts, increasing the area of irrigated agriculture may create additional disruption in water resources management. The present study was focused on three river sub-basins with the highest agricultural intensity (S. Miguel, Ribeira Seca and S. Domingos) in Santiago Island (Cape Verde). Sets of wells were selected to evaluate the influence of salinization and agriculture practices on the hydrochemistry. This assessment was performed by using data from the bibliography (2003) and a recent campaign (2016). The water chemistry indicates lower mineralization in the S. Miguel sub-basin. Nitrates and nitrites, typically associated with diffuse pollution, are present in all sub-basins, but with varying patterns. Additionally, sodium chloride waters occur in all the three sub-basins, especially those closest to the coastline. In turn, a bicarbonate-magnesium facies was identified in S. Domingos, at the furthest point from the coast, indicating a geological control. The comparison between the two periods suggests a decrease in water quality. The rising extension of the irrigation area associated with aridity should intensify the already observed soil salinization. Thus, the present review highlights the strategic importance of water monitoring at the basin level as a management tool for resources preservation in insular arid and developing regions.

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“…However, chloride reveals a growing trend along the valley, from upstream to downstream. This could be confirming the marine influence pointed out by other authors (e.g., [40,61]).…”

Section: Water Quality and Risk Of Soil Salinizationsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hydrochemistry and Evolution of Water Quality in a Context of Aridity and Increasing Agriculture in Three River Sub-Basins of Santiago Island (Cape Verde)

et al. 2021

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“…Without proper monitoring and quality control, danger to users, especially public health, is inevitable. Major challenges in water management include inadequate facilities, lack of technical capabilities or trained personnel, and limited financial resources (Goncalves et al 2019). Exacerbated by high water demand, land use changes, climate variabilities impacts, deforestation, and overexploitation of water sources significantly affect most small island areas and communities.…”

Section: The Challenges: Assessing the Water Resources Of Bascomentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences, Challenges, and Initiatives on Water Resource Management of a Small Island Community: The Case of Basco, Batanes, Philippines

Aquino,

Sanchez,

Roa

et al. 2023

SciEnggJ

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With the increasing water demand across different sectors: residential, commercial, agriculture, tourism, and energy, management of this finite resource is a major challenge in harnessing and sustaining its availability. The increasing demand for water from various stakeholders of Basco, Batanes puts pressure on the availability of water. These supply constraints are rooted in the current management setup aside from its biophysical characteristics. The main objective of the study is to better understand the water-related issues and concerns and the operation and implementation of water resource strategies and programs in the case of the small island community in Basco, Batanes. Specifically, it aims to i) characterize the existing water supply systems in a small island community; and ii) assess the challenges, experiences, and efforts in water resources management. Guided with the Integrated Water Resource Management principles (IWRM), the experiences, issues, challenges, and opportunities in water resources management in the small island community were assessed. The available water sources and existing water systems were characterized, and challenges and initiatives toward effective resource management were also evaluated. The methods employed were secondary data collection; detailed household, commercial, and institutional sectors surveys; Focus Group Discussions (FGD) using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) matrix; Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with key officials in the Local Government Unit (LGU) to capture data on the current operation and implementation of water-related programs. Results showed that Basco, the capital of Batanes, only has two major sources of water: Racuaranum (upstream) and Miaga (downstream) springs. It has no perennial or ephemeral streams. The intermittent streams only flow for a few minutes during heavy rainfall events. Their other sources of water are deep wells and rainwater for everyday use. With the limited budget and human resources of the small island community, localized integrated water resource management highlights the importance of institutional aspects towards its success. A framework on effective resource management emphasized the importance of institutional synergies in small island community setups, such as: joint implementation of watershed management plans, enhancement of technical and financial capabilities given a limited budget and human resources, improvement, and maintenance of water facilities, etc. The complexities of the issues surrounding water resources management could be best addressed by the consolidated efforts of government institutions, the private sector, and the local community within the small island, prioritizing environmental sustainability, economic efficiency, and social equity.

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“…Several studies conducted in developing nations including in Kenya and Vietnam [3] and south western Nigeria [4] reported high risks of drinking water contamination with pathogens that greatly compromised public health. In countries that are developing, a large number of people do not have access to clean water [5]. The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the SDGs and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have sped up efforts to ensure that everyone has access to safe drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Chemical Scrutiny of Obizi River in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria for Domestic Consumption

Nwanna,

Orakwe,

Chukwuma

et al. 2024

JERR

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The Obizi River in the Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State was examined physically and chemically to evaluate its contamination level and suitability for home use. It is important for recreational, fishing, cooking, drinking, and other applications. Its typical applications for drinking, cooking, fishing, recreational activities and other uses are limited since it flows through a canal that might be contaminated by industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. Nitrate mg/l, nitrite mg/l, magnesium mg/l, zinc mg/l, total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/l, hardness mg/l, sulphate mg/l, phosphate mg/l, alkalinity mg/l, acidity mg/l, sodium mg/l, biological oxygen demand (BOD) mg/l, chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l, total suspended solid (TSS) mg/l, TS mg/l, oxygen demand (OD) mg/l, and potassium mg/l are among the parameters that were evaluated. Total dissolved solids (TSS) were calculated as the difference between total solids and total dissolved solids. The zinc and nitrate elements within the samples were measured using the ultraviolet (UV) VIS spectrophotometric method. Sulphate was determined turbidimetrically by the absorption spectrophotometry. Magnesium content, total hardness, and alkalinity were measured through titration. TDS (mg/L) was measured with a Multi-Meter (HI 991300, Hanna Equipments, Romania), potassium and sodium ions were assessed by flame photometric technique, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was identified photometrically using the SpectroQuant Nova 60 COD cell test (Merck) in the range of 10 – 150 mg/L. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was determined using the OxiDirect BOD system and total suspended solids (TSS) was calculated as the difference between total solids and total dissolved solids. Phosphates were measured using the ascorbic acid method, total solids were estimated gravimetrically, and oxygen demand (OD) was measured on-site using a dissolved oxygen meter JENWAY-3405 (Manufacturer: Barloworld Scientific Ltd., England). To find out if the results were significant or not, the parameters were subjected to an ANOVA single factor analysis. The analysis's conclusion was that the data were statistically not significant. Since nitrate and OD were above the World Health Organization's (WHO) limit while most other physicochemical parameters were below it, the ANOVA result showed that there was no significant difference between the physicochemical characteristics of the water samples. With the exception of nitrite and OD, which are above the WHO limit for domestic drinking water and other purposes, it was discovered that the majority of the physicochemical parameters fell within the organization's water quality standards for these purposes. As a result, the water quality is not good and should not be drunk unless treated.

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Water Supply and Access to Safe Water in Developing Arid Countries

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Hydrochemistry and Evolution of Water Quality in a Context of Aridity and Increasing Agriculture in Three River Sub-Basins of Santiago Island (Cape Verde)

Hydrochemistry and Evolution of Water Quality in a Context of Aridity and Increasing Agriculture in Three River Sub-Basins of Santiago Island (Cape Verde)

Experiences, Challenges, and Initiatives on Water Resource Management of a Small Island Community: The Case of Basco, Batanes, Philippines

Physical and Chemical Scrutiny of Obizi River in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria for Domestic Consumption

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