Water Stress and Seed Color Interacting to Impact Seed and Oil Yield, Protein, Mucilage, and Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Content in Cultivated Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Abstract

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant with a wide range of medicinal, health, nutritional, and industrial uses. This study assessed the genetic potential of yellow and brown seeds in thirty F4 families under different water conditions concerning seed yield, oil, protein, fiber, mucilage, and lignans content. Water stress negatively affected seed and oil yield, while it positively affected mucilage, protein, lignans, and fiber content. The total mean comparison showed that under normal moisture conditions, seed yield (209.87 g/m2) and most quality traits, including oil (30.97%), secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (13.89 mg/g), amino acids such as arginine (1.17%) and histidine (1.95%), and mucilage (9.57 g/100 g) were higher in yellow-seeded genotypes than the brown ones ((188.78 g/m2), (30.10%), (11.66 mg/g), (0.62%), (1.87%), and (9.35 g/100 g), respectively). Under water stress conditions, brown-seeded genotypes had a higher amount of fiber (16.74%), seed yield (140.04 g/m2), protein (239.02 mg. g−1), methionine (5.04%), and secondary metabolites such as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (17.09 mg/g), while their amounts in families with yellow seeds were 14.79%, 117.33 g/m2, 217.12 mg. g−1, 4.34%, and 13.98 mg/g, respectively. Based on the intended food goals, different seed color genotypes may be appropriate for cultivation under different moisture environments.

Responses of Two-Row and Six-Row Barley Genotypes to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Water Stress

“…Research shows that under water-limited conditions and elevated CO 2 concentrations, plants often increase the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids. These compounds act as antioxidants, scavenging ROS and protecting cellular components from oxidative damage, so increased levels of secondary metabolites contribute to enhanced water stress tolerance in barley by mitigating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis [41,42]. In addition, the two-row barley genotypes (Behrokh and M9316) had higher grain yield, biomass, and secondary metabolites such as proline, POX, and APX antioxidants under water stress conditions and elevated CO 2 concentration.…”

Phenolic Compounds, Fatty Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Some Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Varieties: A Comprehensive Analysis

“…This difference may be attributed to variations in the ecological conditions during seed growth and storage duration. In previous studies, the values of resveratrol were reported to be, respectively, 5.72 mg/100 g and 25.66 mg/100 g [1,40]. Of the major compounds, hydroxybenzoic acid was previously reported as 4.24% in one study [31] and as 0.84 mg g −1 in another [41].…”

“…The primary phenolic compounds found in flax seeds, namely 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, rutin, resveratrol, and catechin hydrate, have been identified. Previous research [1] shows that resveratrol 5.72 mg/100 g, cinnamic acid 1.87 mg/100 g, and rutin 10.90 mg/100 g are the main phenolic compounds they obtained in their study with the Atalanta variety among five flaxseed varieties. In this context, when compared to our Atalanta variety, these values were found to be 2.24 µg/L for resveratrol, 12.52 µg/L for cinnamic acid, and 1.86 µg/L for rutin, which were lower than previous studies.…”

“…Also, one of the species belonging to this family is L. usitatissimum, commonly known as linseed or common flax. Flax is a valuable crop grown for its fiber and oil-rich seeds, and it is cultivated with 22 genera around 300 species worldwide [1,2]. In archaeology, evidence in Tell Abu Hureyra in Northern Syria shows it originated in the Middle East and was farmed by the ancient "Egyptians and Somaris" around 10,000 years ago.…”

Flax lines of hybrid origin homozygous for genes of chlorophyll coloration and other morphological traits in the VIR flax genetic collection

“…Гены s1, YSED1, ysed2 и rs1 контролируют жёлтосемянность и являются важными для создания сортов льна пищевого назначения. Это делает полученные на их основе линии л-1 (гк-448 s1 × гк-210), л-2 (гк-210 × гк-448 s1), гк-554 -л-1 (гк-210 × гк-392 s1), гк-555 -л-2 (гк-210 × гк-392 s1), л-2 (гк-255 rs1 × гк-210), л-4 (гк-255 rs1 × гк-210), л-1 (гк-255 rs1 × гк-210), л-1 (гк-210 × гк-173 ysed2), л-1 (гк-136 s1 × гк-473), л-1 (гк-473 × гк-391 s1), л-1 (гк-473 × гк-255 rs1) востребованными для целей селекции, так как ранее было показано, что у жёлтосемянных образцов по сравнению с коричневосемянными выше содержание масла, слизи, фитоэстрогенов, условно незаменимых аминокислот (аргинина, гистидина) (Zare et al, 2023).…”