Water‐Stable and Photo‐Patternable Siloxane‐Encapsulated Upconversion Nanoparticles toward Flexible Near‐Infrared Phototransistors

Abstract

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), as near‐infrared (NIR) absorbers, are promising materials for use in flexible NIR photodetectors, which can be applied for wearable healthcare applications due to their advantages in a broad spectral range, high photostability, and biocompatibility. However, to apply UCNPs in wearable and large‐area integrated devices, water stability and micro‐patterning methods are required. In this work, the UCNPs are encapsulated with a siloxane polymer (UCNP@SiOx) via a sol–gel process to enable photo‐patternability and photo‐stabililty in water conditions. The UCNP@SiOx can be photo‐patterned down to micron‐scale feature sizes and exhibit no significant decrease in upconversion photoluminescence (PL) intensities and PL decay time after immersion in water for 2 h. Moreover, UCNP@SiOx is evaluated by an in vitro biocompatibility test and found to be non‐toxic. By integrating the UCNP@SiOx with MoS2 phototransistors (MoS2 + UCNP@SiOx), the devices exhibit enhanced responsivity (0.79 A W−1) and specific detectivity (2.22 × 107 Jones), which are 2.8 times higher than in the bare MoS2 phototransistors, and excellent mechanical durability over 1000 cycles of 20% compression and re‐stretch test. This work opens the way for the facile synthesis of water‐stable and photo‐patternable siloxane‐encapsulated UCNPs and a strategy for fabricating high‐performance flexible NIR phototransistors through wavelength conversion.

Ligand-Assisted Direct Lithography of Upconverting and Avalanching Nanoparticles for Nonlinear Photonics

“…Controlled microscale patterning of UCNP films has been previously realized through inkjet printing, , photolithography, − stereolithography, − or conjugation to 2D protein assemblies, which successfully show the localization of luminescent UCNPs and their potential uses in various applications. Further advances in pattern resolution, uniformity, and UCNP packing fraction will enable the full potential of UNCPs to be efficiently exploited in complex devices.…”