Water‐soluble photopolymers for rapid prototyping of cellular materials

Liska, Robert; Schwager, F.; Maier, Christian; Cano-Vives, R.; Stampfl, Jürgen

doi:10.1002/app.22025

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In contrast, although the SL technology has many advantages in terms of fabrication speed and resolution, the indirect methods based on the SL technology reported thus far have used agarose, silicone, and ceramic powders. 19,33,34 In this research, the indirect SL technology was studied for the production of scaffolds with various biomaterials, such as PLGA, PLLA, PCL, chitosan, alginate, and bone cement, which are generally used in tissue engineering. The process for the indirect SL technology consists of three steps: fabrication of the sacrificial mold, injection molding, and selective removal of the mold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this design, the biomaterial-filling process can be conducted simply and without additional equipment. An alkali-soluble photopolymer introduced by Liska et al 19 was used to construct a sacrificial mold. The preparation procedures were as follows: N,N-dimethyl-acrylamide (DMA), methacrylic acid (MA), and methacrylic anhydride (MAA) were carefully mixed by stirring at room temperature at a weight ratio of 40:40:7 (DMA:MA:MAA).…”

Section: Three-dimensional Sacrificial Moldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of an Indirect Stereolithography Technology for Scaffold Fabrication with a Wide Range of Biomaterial Selectivity

Kang

Cho²

2012

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

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Tissue engineering, which is the study of generating biological substitutes to restore or replace tissues or organs, has the potential to meet current needs for organ transplantation and medical interventions. Various approaches have been attempted to apply three-dimensional (3D) solid freeform fabrication technologies to tissue engineering for scaffold fabrication. Among these, the stereolithography (SL) technology not only has the highest resolution, but also offers quick fabrication. However, a lack of suitable biomaterials is a barrier to applying the SL technology to tissue engineering. In this study, an indirect SL method that combines the SL technology and a sacrificial molding process was developed to address this challenge. A sacrificial mold with an inverse porous shape was fabricated from an alkali-soluble photopolymer by the SL technology. A sacrificial molding process was then developed for scaffold construction using a variety of biomaterials. The results indicated a wide range of biomaterial selectivity and a high resolution. Achievable minimum pore and strut sizes were as large as 50 and 65 mm, respectively. This technology can also be used to fabricate three-dimensional organ shapes, and combined with traditional fabrication methods to construct a new type of scaffold with a dual-pore size. Cytotoxicity tests, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography analyses, showed that this technology has great potential for tissue engineering applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Three-dimensional Sacrificial Moldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Indirect Stereolithography Technology for Scaffold Fabrication with a Wide Range of Biomaterial Selectivity

Kang

Cho²

2012

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

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“…For this study the direct light processing (DLP, Figure 5 left) method was applied. [11] The photosensitive resin is irradiated from bottom-up through the window of the reservoir according to the 2D information of the current slice as a thin layer beneath the already printed part or the substrate respectively. This way the whole part is built up layer by layer.…”

Section: Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerizable Elastomers for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Baudis

Steyrer

Pulka

et al. 2010

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary: The aim of this study was to design new resin formulations for blood vessel substitutes with small inner diameter that can be 3D-printed by Additive Manufacturing (AM). Commercially available urethane oligomer acrylates as crosslinking agents (CAs) with different reactive diluents (RDs) and/or thiol chain transfer agents (CTAs) were examined. It could be shown that the properties of photopolymers of carefully selected CA/RD/CTA combinations can be varied in a wide range, also to fit with those of natural blood vessels. Moreover, these materials showed good biocompatibility in in-vitro cell culture tests with endothelial cells. A new method to assess the tear resistance of the new materials in comparison with natural blood vessels was designed and established. The tear resistance of the developed photopolymers already approaches those of natural material, although there is still need of improvement. The 3D-structuring of optimized resin system succeeded. Hence AM has proven to be an ideal tool to manufacture parts with the complex structure of natural blood vessels.

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“…A fairly large number of biomaterials, e.g., bioceramics, biodegradable polymers, or silicones, are accessible by molding techniques (see, for example, ref. [5,6] ). But from a practical point of view, direct methods are preferred.…”

Section: Why Do We Need New Rp Materials?mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Materials for Rapid Prototyping Applications

Stampfl

Liska

2005

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Why Do We Need New RP Materials?Rapid prototyping (RP) has become a widely used tool for the fabrication and evaluation of physical prototypes during the product development cycle. RP is used since it can produce prototypes with arbitrary shapes quickly and at a lower cost than traditional prototyping techniques. Recently RP has also been investigated regarding its ability to replace traditional mass manufacturing processes in applications where only one or a small number of individually shaped parts is required. Recently, Mühlhaupt and coworkers [1] presented a novel class of materials for RP and the following text will try to emphasize the importance of material developments for future applications of RP technologies.Regarding the type of applications for which the RP models are used, the following groups of prototypes can be distinguished:iii) Visual aids, which serve for visualizing design concepts and evaluate the ergonomics of a prototype. iii) Concept models that provide a certain functionality and are accurate enough to test whether individual parts fit properly within an assembly.iii) Master patterns for tooling and molding processes. iv) Functional parts that can be used to evaluate the functionality of certain parts before they are mass fabricated. Functional models need to fulfill high requirements regarding material quality and shape accuracy. iv) Customized products, which are tailored according to specific requirements of the customer. Customized products are usually made in quantities between one and ten. Applications are mostly in the field of biomedicine, where individual shapes according to a patient's requirements have to be manufactured.The field of visual aids, concept models, and master patterns is traditionally the 'home-ground' of RPs. Most RP processes are optimized for fabricating such prototypes. Since the market for classical prototyping services is saturated and prices for parts offered by RP service bureaus have fallen constantly, [2] the future growth of the RP industry will take place on two levels: i) Low-cost three-dimensional (3D) printers for design bureaus and engineering departments in small and medium-sized companies. These low-cost 3D printers Summary: Rapid prototyping (RP) is a widely used manufacturing tool in the product development cycle. This Highlight article gives a brief overview of the currently available RP techniques with special emphasis on three-dimensional (3D) printing. The advantages and drawbacks of various RP processes regarding material quality, feature resolution, and surface quality are pointed out. New developments in the field of material development allow the use of polymer ionomers for 3D printing. Using polymer ionomers some of the drawbacks of 3D printing can be eliminated. In particular, the mechanical strength can be increased compared to traditional powder systems used for 3D printing. This article describes the chemical background of polymer ionomers and the relevance of these materials for future developments in RP. Cellular structures made...

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Water‐soluble photopolymers for rapid prototyping of cellular materials

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Development of an Indirect Stereolithography Technology for Scaffold Fabrication with a Wide Range of Biomaterial Selectivity

Development of an Indirect Stereolithography Technology for Scaffold Fabrication with a Wide Range of Biomaterial Selectivity

Photopolymerizable Elastomers for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

New Materials for Rapid Prototyping Applications

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