Water sodium, hypertension and mortality

Robertson, J. S.; Slattery, JohnT.; Parker, Vivienne

doi:10.1007/bf02549242

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The correlation coefficients with total hardness were calcium +0 97, carbonate hardness +0 94, conductivity +0 93, % upland water -0-80, nitrate +077, silica +075, and Langelier index +0-73. In contrast, two water parameters (magnesium and sodium) that havepreviously been considered in relation to cardiovascular disease13 14 did not appear to have any obvious association with cardiovascular mortality in this study (r= -0-13 and -0-16 respectively). Nevertheless, these were only initial impressions, and the underlying relative importance of the various water parameters was assessed multifactorially.…”

Section: Initial Impressionscontrasting

confidence: 88%

British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality

Pocock¹,

Shaper²,

Cook³

et al. 1980

BMJ

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary and conclusionsIn a study of regional variations in cardiovascular mortality in Great Britain during 1969-73 based on 253 towns the possible contributions of drinking water quality, climate, air pollution, blood groups, and socioeconomic factors were evaluated. A twofold range in mortality from stroke and ischaemic heart disease was apparent, the highest mortality being in the west of Scotland and the lowest in south-east England. A multifactorial approach identified five principal factors that substantially explained this geographic variation in cardiovascular mortality-namely, water hardness, rainfall, temperature, and two social factors (percentage of manual workers and car ownership). After adjustment for other factors cardiovascular mortality in areas with very soft water, around 0 25 mmol/l (calcium carbonate equivalent 25 mg/l), was estimated to be 10-15% higher than that in areas with medium-hard water, around 1-7 mmol/l (170 mg/l), while any further increase in hardness beyond 1-7 mmol/l did not additionally lower cardiovascular mortality.Thus a negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences. Cross-sectional and prospective surveys of 7500 middle-aged men from 24 towns are in progress and will permit further exploration of these geographic differences, especially with regard to personal risk factors such as blood pressure, blood lipid concentrations, and cigarette smoking.

show abstract

Section: Initial Impressionscontrasting

confidence: 88%

British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality

Pocock¹,

Shaper²,

Cook³

et al. 1980

BMJ

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We did not consider grey literature because of potential issues with quality and lack of peerreview. We also excluded one study that used hypertension mortality as the only end point 21 and two articles 22,23 that reported on the same study population as other included studies 12,13 . Eight studies were also excluded as they did not report SBP and DBP level 17,18,24,25 or provide information that allowed us to calculate SD 16,26,27 or OR 28 .…”

Section: Search Strategy Study Selection and Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water salinity and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Talukder

Rutherford

Huang

et al. 2016

Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We summarized epidemiological studies assessing sodium in drinking water and changes in blood pressure or hypertension published in English from 1960 to 2015 from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We extracted data on blood pressure level or prevalence of hypertension and calculated pooled estimates using an inverse variance weighted random-effects model. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) in 7 studies (12 data sets) comparing the low and high water sodium exposure groups for systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 0.08 (95% CI, -0.17 to 0.34) and for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 0.23 (95% CI, 0.09-0.36). Of the 3 studies that assessed the association between high water sodium and odds of hypertension, 2 recent studies showed consistent findings of higher risk of hypertension. Our systematic review suggests an association between water sodium and human blood pressure (more consistently for DBP) but remain inconclusive because of the small number of studies (largely in young populations) and the cross-sectional design and methodological drawbacks. In the context of climate-change-related sea level rise and increasing saltwater intrusion into drinking water sources, further research is urgently warranted to investigate and guide intervention in this increasingly widespread problem.

show abstract

Water sodium, urinary electrolytes, and blood pressure of adolescents.

Robertson¹

1984

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Blood pressure measurements were made on children in their fourth year at secondary schools in parts of Scunthorpe Health District supplied with drinking water of varying sodium content. Of the 3131 children, 2740 were examined (1394 boys and 1346 girls). Boys had slightly higher systolic pressures and slightly lower diastolic pressures than the girls. There was no difference between the blood pressure distributions of children in areas supplied with water containing 105 mg/l sodium, 50 mg/l sodium, or less than 15 mg/l sodium. Small differences were found in the weights of children in these areas, and slightly more of the children in the area supplied with water containing more than 105 mg/l sodium had relatives who had been treated for hypertension. Standardisation for these factors did not show any relation between water salinity and either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Studies of the urinary sodium, potassium, and the ratios of these to creatinine on a sample of 769 boys showed no correlation with assessments of usual sodium intake, but urinary sodium correlated well with salt and fluid intake at the meal immediately preceding examination. The relation between median blood pressure and urinary sodium concentration and lack of a clear relation with sodium creatinine ratio supports the hypothesis that it may be the ratio of salt to fluid intake rather than total dietary sodium that is relevant to the regulation of blood pressure.Attempts by a working group of the World Health Organisation in 1977 to set soundly based international standards for the sodium content of public water supplies were impeded by the dearth of reliable information as to the effects on the health of populations of potable water with differing concentrations of this element.'In many parts of the world boreholes yield waters containing substantial amounts of sodium, and the rise in salinity of some surface water sources as a result of increasing use of salt to clear snow and ice from roads has caused concern. This has stimulated several studies aimed at ascertaining whether or not consumption of such waters constitutes a hazard to health.Studies by Calabrese and Tuthill in the United States23 and by Hofman et all in the Netherlands have reported appreciably higher blood pressures in children living in areas supplied with water containing around 110 mg Na/1 than in children in areas of low water salinity. Although both were based on small numbers of subjects, and the pressures found were within the normal physiological range, these findings suggest the possibility that exposure of large populations to such water might be expected to result in a substantial increase in the incidence of hypertensive disease. These results, however, were surprising in view of the small contribution to the total sodium intake that such water would make to individuals consuming a normal western European or American diet. They conflict with evidence from a study of mortality in populations supplied with similar water which experienced fewer deaths...

show abstract

Water sodium, hypertension and mortality

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality

British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality

Drinking water salinity and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Water sodium, urinary electrolytes, and blood pressure of adolescents.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About