Water security and rainwater harvesting: A conceptual framework and candidate indicators

Bitterman, Patrick; Tate, Eric; Meter, K. J. Van; Basu, N. B.

doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.09.013

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The project studied the influence of climate variability on irrigation water requirements in an arid region, the Manimuthar river basin in India, and found that the irrigation water requirement is likely to increase by 5% in the time period from 2010 to 2020. Bitterman et al (2016) present a conceptual framework for measuring water security in the context of rainwater harvesting tanks. Glendenning et al (2012) focus on the hydrological impact of rainwater harvesting (RWH) on the ground water recharge in rural areas of India and emphasize remote sensing methods and modeling for better assessment and policy to RWH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersectoral Competition for Water Between Users and Uses in Tamil Nadu-India

Suresh

2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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Water is a manageable asset for drinking, food creation, and industry, and demand increases as the population increases. Water for irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic needs in India will go up to 1,072, 130, and 102 billion m3 (BCM) by the year 2050. In the state of Tamil Nadu in 2025, water needs for irrigation, domestic, livestock, and industrial sectors will be 52.7, 1.5, 1, and 2 billion m3, respectively, against the available supply of 24.6 BCM of surface water and 23 BCM of groundwater during the same period. A balance between need and supply is often difficult to achieve. By the year 2050, some 60 per cent of the world’s population will live in cities. In India and Tamil Nadu, 38 and 48 per cent of people will live in cities. Tamil Nadu is the second most urbanized state in India with 48 per cent of its population living in cities. This urban push will demand a large share of common water resources and most of the reservoir systems will face increased water demand for non-agricultural purposes, bringing in imbalances with other sectors, namely agriculture. Contrary to mounting demand, it will be difficult to facilitate the growing need for water. Furthermore, there are social and environmental costs in terms of the diversion of water from agriculture to urban uses. The discharge of sewage and industrial effluents also pollutes surface and groundwater, affecting not only human health but also the entire ecosystem. This paper examines the water management challenges in Tamil Nadu, India with respect to meeting future water demands across competing sectors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersectoral Competition for Water Between Users and Uses in Tamil Nadu-India

Suresh

2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…Recentemente, Notaro, Liuzzo e Freni (2016) evidenciaram que o método utilizado na determinação do volume do reservatório de armazenamento é crucial para garantir a confiabilidade de atendimento do sistema de consumo de água de chuva. Bitterman et al (2016), por sua vez, desenvolveram indicadores de desempenho para o controle mais efetivo dos sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva.…”

Section: Introdução E Fundamentação Teóricaunclassified

Avaliação Experimental Da Eficiência Na Retenção De Sedimentos Sólidos, Em Um Reservatório Separador De Primeiras Águas Da Chuva

Coelho

Marcelino²,

Evangelista³

et al. 2019

Revista GESTA

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<p class="Body">O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação experimental de um reservatório de separação de primeiras águas (RSPA) para aproveitamento de água de chuva. Inicialmente, dimensionou-se de forma regionalizada o volume do RSPA, concebido a partir de uma vazão dada pela chuva de projeto, calculada pelo método racional. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma geometria para o RSPA, com o objetivo de avaliar de forma experimental a sua eficiência na retenção de material particulado (sedimentos). O RSPA foi fabricado com tubos e conexões de policloreto de vinila (PVC) em escala real e foi instalado em um sistema de alimentação em uma edificação de ensino. Para essa avaliação, produziram-se sedimentos a partir de um processo de peneiramento, utilizando-se peneiras com aberturas padronizadas. O experimento consistiu em aplicar no RSPA uma vazão correspondente à chuva de projeto com uma concentração de sedimentos, simulando as condições das primeiras águas de chuva. Durante o experimento, realizaram-se amostragens na saída do RSPA e avaliou-se sua eficiência na retenção dos sedimentos inseridos na massa líquida. Os resultados indicam que a geometria escolhida do RSPA foi eficiente do ponto de vista experimental para a retenção de sólidos, obtendo uma remoção de cerca de 70% do material particulado.</p>

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“…With a study in the semi-arid regions of China, Li et al (2000) found that in-situ RWH systems can significantly improve rain-fed farming systems. Bitterman et al (2016), on a study in Tamil Nadu, India, which has a tropical climate with a fairly hot temperature around the year, proposed a conceptual framework to measure water security as a causal response to rainwater harvesting tanks to mitigate the risks caused by water shortage. Examining the application of domestic and agricultural RWH systems on the U.S. river basins, Ghimire and Johnston (2013) found a significant reduction in the average monthly withdrawal (water yield) among the surrounding watersheds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

2018

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The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference (as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0-2.0 m 3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure. Keywords: rooftop rainwater harvesting; rainwater storage tank dynamics; sustainability of outdoor water usage; sustainability of water in arid regions; best management practices in arid regions; variation of rainfall under various climate conditions

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Water security and rainwater harvesting: A conceptual framework and candidate indicators

Cited by 47 publications

References 61 publications

Intersectoral Competition for Water Between Users and Uses in Tamil Nadu-India

Intersectoral Competition for Water Between Users and Uses in Tamil Nadu-India

Avaliação Experimental Da Eficiência Na Retenção De Sedimentos Sólidos, Em Um Reservatório Separador De Primeiras Águas Da Chuva

Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

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