Water sampling: Traditional methods and new approaches in water sampling strategy

An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

“…Usually, 24-h composite samples are collected in the environmental area. The composite samples are used to exclude a possibility of non-representative results, whereby samples were collected at low tide, dilution would be at a minimum and so not representative sample would be obtained [16].…”

“…The other possible approach is an addition of preservatives which should be suitable to avoid decomposition by means of chemical reactions and microbial activity. The samples can be acidified to inhibit a bacterial growth [16]. Hydrochloric acid was used for acidification of the samples up to pH 2.0 prior to the analysis of MLs in the water samples [17].…”

“…2 and 3) [1,16]. UHPLC is a modern technique, using columns packed with sub-2 m particles, which enabled elution of sample components in much narrower, more concentrated bands, resulting in better chromatographic resolution and increased peak capacity through rapid elution from short column.…”

Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management

“…An alternative, and the most commonly adopted approach is sampling the typically fine, suspended particulate material directly from the water column Madrid and Zayas, 2007). However, due to resource constraints and the complex temporal distribution of naturally transported fine sediment, these approaches are typically biased towards lower flows and concentrations (Carere et al, 2012;Johnes, 2007).…”

“…Dickinson, 1981;Grove et al, 2015;Walling and Webb, 1985). This is a direct consequence of the prohibitive costs associated with frequent sampling, and a lack of quantitative criteria specifying suitable sampling designs Madrid and Zayas, 2007). In order to robustly test the targets of the Water Framework Directive, including ensuring that concentrations of priority substances do not increase within sediments and biota, with negligible discharges by 2025 (Crane and Babut, 2007;Förstner, 2009), alternative monitoring approaches are required (Hering et al, 2010;Roig et al, 2007).…”