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, to provide a permanent Federal agency to conduct the systematic and scientific "classification of die public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of national domain." An integral part of mat original mission includes publishing and disseminating the earth-science information needed to understand, to plan the use of, and to manage the Nation's energy, land, mineral, and water resources. Since 1879, the research and fact-finding role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has grown and has been modified to meet the changing needs of the Nation it serves. As part of the evolution, the USGS has become the Federal Government's largest earthscience research agency, the Nation's largest civilian map-making agency, the primary source of data on the Nation's surfacewater and groundwater resources, and the employer of the largest number of professional earth scientists in the Nation. Today' s programs serve a diversity of needs and users. Programs include: Conducting detailed assessments of the energy and mineral potential of land and offshore areas. Investigating and issuing warnings of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and other geologic and hydrologic hazards. Conducting research on the geologic structure of land and offshore areas. Studying the geologic features, structure, processes, and history of the other planets of our solar system. Conducting topographic surveys and preparing topographic and thematic maps and related cartographic products. Developing and producing digital cartographic data bases and products. Collecting data on a routine basis to determine the quantity, quality, and use of surface water and ground water. Conducting water-resource appraisals to describe the consequences of alternative plans for developing land and water resources. Conducting research in hydraulics and hydrology, and coordinating all Federal water-data acquisition. Using remotely sensed data to develop new cartographic, geologic, and hydrologic research techniques for natural resources planning and management. Providing earth-science information through an extensive publications program and a network of public access points. Along with its continuing commitment to meet the growing and changing earth-science needs of the Nation, the USGS remains dedicated to its original mission to collect, analyze, interpret, publish, and disseminate information about the natural resources of the Nation providing "Earth science in the public service.
, to provide a permanent Federal agency to conduct the systematic and scientific "classification of die public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of national domain." An integral part of mat original mission includes publishing and disseminating the earth-science information needed to understand, to plan the use of, and to manage the Nation's energy, land, mineral, and water resources. Since 1879, the research and fact-finding role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has grown and has been modified to meet the changing needs of the Nation it serves. As part of the evolution, the USGS has become the Federal Government's largest earthscience research agency, the Nation's largest civilian map-making agency, the primary source of data on the Nation's surfacewater and groundwater resources, and the employer of the largest number of professional earth scientists in the Nation. Today' s programs serve a diversity of needs and users. Programs include: Conducting detailed assessments of the energy and mineral potential of land and offshore areas. Investigating and issuing warnings of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and other geologic and hydrologic hazards. Conducting research on the geologic structure of land and offshore areas. Studying the geologic features, structure, processes, and history of the other planets of our solar system. Conducting topographic surveys and preparing topographic and thematic maps and related cartographic products. Developing and producing digital cartographic data bases and products. Collecting data on a routine basis to determine the quantity, quality, and use of surface water and ground water. Conducting water-resource appraisals to describe the consequences of alternative plans for developing land and water resources. Conducting research in hydraulics and hydrology, and coordinating all Federal water-data acquisition. Using remotely sensed data to develop new cartographic, geologic, and hydrologic research techniques for natural resources planning and management. Providing earth-science information through an extensive publications program and a network of public access points. Along with its continuing commitment to meet the growing and changing earth-science needs of the Nation, the USGS remains dedicated to its original mission to collect, analyze, interpret, publish, and disseminate information about the natural resources of the Nation providing "Earth science in the public service.
Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. *Hydraulic conductivity: the standard unit for hydraulic conductivity is cubic foot per day per square foot of aquifer cross-sectional area (ft 3 /d/ft 2). In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot per day (ft/d), is used for convenience. **Transmissivity: The standard unit for transmissivity is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness [(ft 3 /d)/ft 2 ]ft. In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot squared per day (ft 2 /d), is used for convenience. Physical Setting The St. Croix River (fig. 1) originates near Solon Springs, Wis., and flows approximately 154 mi south to its confluence with the Mississippi River at Prescott, Wis. The St. Croix National Scenic Riverway includes the St. Croix River and the Namekagon River that together amount to 252 river miles for recreational use. The St. Croix River Basin encompasses 7,730 mi 2 in Minnesota and Wiscon sin (Lenz and others, 2001) and includes all or part of 19 counties. Land cover is varied, grading from predomi nantly forest cover upstream in the basin to a mixture of forest, agriculture, and urban land use further downstream. Glacial deposits overlie igneous and sedimentary bedrock in the basin. Feinstein and others (2006) give a detailed description of hydrogeologic properties of the basin.
The weighted average radon-222 concentration of indoor air in homes located on Wisconsin Indian Reservations is 5.8 picocuries per liter, which exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency action limit of 4 picocuries per liter. Ground water is the principle source of drinking water on Wisconsin Indian Reservations and generally accounts for about 5 percent of the total indoor air radon-222 concentrations found in homes. To determine the distribution of radon-222, ground water from 29 private and community Wisconsin Indian Reservation wells and soil gas at a depth of about 3 feet below land surface adjacent to the wells were sampled. Sites with wells were distributed among the 11 Wisconsin Indian Reservations so that each Reservation contained at least 2 sites. The remaining seven sites were divided among the Reservation by acreage held by each tribe.
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