Water Resources Management of Lake Tondano in North Sulawesi Province

Technological appropriateness of biomass production in rural settings: Addressing water hyacinths (E. crassipes) problem in Lake Tondano, Indonesia

“…It is the province's largest lake, covering an area as much as 4,278ha at about 600 m above sea level [111][112][113]. Ecologically speaking, it serves the surrounding ecosystem in different ways [112,114]. It is a critical source for germplasms that supply genetic materials to the environment.…”

“…Then, outsiders visit Lake Tondano as a tourism destination for its beautiful natural landscape. In short, disruption to the lake's condition would be expected to affect the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of numerous activities connected to the lake's ecosystem [111,114].…”

“…Literature have reported that water hyacinths could cover more than 850ha or no less than 20% of the lake's surface [113,115,116], with the highest incremental daily growth at 3% [117]. Considering the fundamental role of the lake towards its surrounding area [112,114], the water hyacinth problem has produced interrelated problems affecting organisms in the lake and rural communities living around it. For years, local people and regional governments have been trying to remove the water hyacinths from Lake Tondano by manually collecting them to open more spaces for the fish population to grow [118][119][120].…”