Water relations of tetrapod integument

Lillywhite, Harvey B.

doi:10.1242/jeb.02007

Cited by 262 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 190 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…The increased WLR for summer-collected lizards may result from associated traits other than metabolism, such as behavioral mechanisms (e.g., panting for evaporative cooling; Tattersall et al 2006) or seasonal changes in cutaneous properties (Mautz 1982). The plastic response of lizard WLR and of its components (cutaneous vs. respiratory) thus merits further research (Lillywhite 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons

Basson

Clusella‐Trullas

2015

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Environmental variability occurring at different timescales can significantly reduce performance, resulting in evolutionary fitness costs. Shifts in thermoregulatory behavior, metabolism, and water loss via phenotypic plasticity can compensate for thermal variation, but the relative contribution of each mechanism and how they may influence each other are largely unknown. Here, we take an ecologically relevant experimental approach to dissect these potential responses at two temporal scales: weather transients and seasons. Using acclimation to cold, average, or warm conditions in summer and winter, we measure the direction and magnitude of plasticity of resting metabolic rate (RMR), water loss rate (WLR), and preferred body temperature (T pref ) in the lizard Cordylus oelofseni within and between seasons. In summer, lizards selected lower T pref when acclimated to warm versus cold but had no plasticity of either RMR or WLR. By contrast, winter lizards showed partial compensation of RMR but no behavioral compensation. Between seasons, both behavioral and physiological shifts took place. By integrating ecological reality into laboratory assays, we demonstrate that behavioral and physiological responses of C. oelofseni can be contrasting, depending on the timescale investigated. Incorporating ecologically relevant scenarios and the plasticity of multiple traits is thus essential when attempting to forecast extinction risk to climate change.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons

Basson

Clusella‐Trullas

2015

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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“…The innate immune system certainly has an ancient origin, including the antimicrobial compounds associated with epithelial structures and secretions (Beutler, 2004). In frogs and other amphibians, mucous glands are important to keep the skin surface moist, facilitating exchange of respiratory gases across the very thin epidermis (Lillywhite, 2006), and amphibian cutaneous glands are indeed veritable factories of antimicrobial constituents. At least 500 antimicrobial peptides have been found in amphibian skin glands to date (Jenssen et al, 2006).…”

Section: The Evolution Of Mammary Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certainly, some extant frogs secrete lipids as a means of reducing water loss across the skin (Lillywhite et al, 1997;Lillywhite, 2006), and secreted lipids applied to eggs could have had an impact on egg moisture loss (Oftedal, 2002a). However, much more research is required to understand the differences and similarities of secretory mechanisms.…”

Section: Evolution Of Milk Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many lipocalins are known to function via transport and/or sequestration of hydrophobic compounds in this 'barrel' and occasionally at secondary binding sites. Analysis of the molecular evolution of the lipocalins suggests that RBP diverged from the other lipocalins first, followed by b-lactoglobulin, suggesting that b-lactoglobulin is of more ancient origin than other vertebrate lipocalins (other than RBP), including lipocalins that are found in fish and amphibia (Ganfornina et al, 2000;Sanchez et al, 2003 and2006). It is likely that the ancestral b-lactoglobulin had similar function to that of an ancestral RBP-like protein, that is, transporting hydrophobic compounds in extracellular and/or secreted fluids, long before the appearance of milk as we know it.…”

Section: Evolution Of Milk Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins

Oftedal

2012

Animal

196

142

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Lactation represents an important element of the life history strategies of all mammals, whether monotreme, marsupial, or eutherian. Milk originated as a glandular skin secretion in synapsids (the lineage ancestral to mammals), perhaps as early as the Pennsylvanian period, that is, approximately 310 million years ago (mya). Early synapsids laid eggs with parchment-like shells intolerant of desiccation and apparently dependent on glandular skin secretions for moisture. Mammary glands probably evolved from apocrine-like glands that combined multiple modes of secretion and developed in association with hair follicles. Comparative analyses of the evolutionary origin of milk constituents support a scenario in which these secretions evolved into a nutrient-rich milk long before mammals arose. A variety of antimicrobial and secretory constituents were co-opted into novel roles related to nutrition of the young. Secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins may originally have had a role in calcium delivery to eggs; however, by evolving into large, complex casein micelles, they took on an important role in transport of amino acids, calcium and phosphorus. Several proteins involved in immunity, including an ancestral butyrophilin and xanthine oxidoreductase, were incorporated into a novel membrane-bound lipid droplet (the milk fat globule) that became a primary mode of energy transfer. An ancestral c-lysozyme lost its lytic functions in favor of a role as a-lactalbumin, which modifies a galactosyltransferase to recognize glucose as an acceptor, leading to the synthesis of novel milk sugars, of which free oligosaccharides may have predated free lactose. An ancestral lipocalin and an ancestral whey acidic protein four-disulphide core protein apparently lost their original transport and antimicrobial functions when they became the whey proteins b-lactoglobulin and whey acidic protein, which with a-lactalbumin provide limiting sulfur amino acids to the young. By the late Triassic period (ca 210 mya), mammaliaforms (mammalian ancestors) were endothermic (requiring fluid to replace incubatory water losses of eggs), very small in size (making large eggs impossible), and had rapid growth and limited tooth replacement (indicating delayed onset of feeding and reliance on milk). Thus, milk had already supplanted egg yolk as the primary nutrient source, and by the Jurassic period (ca 170 mya) vitellogenin genes were being lost. All primary milk constituents evolved before the appearance of mammals, and some constituents may have origins that predate the split of the synapsids from sauropsids (the lineage leading to 'reptiles' and birds). Thus, the modern dairy industry is built upon a very old foundation, the cornerstones of which were laid even before dinosaurs ruled the earth in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.Keywords: evolution, lactation, milk composition, casein, milk fat globule ImplicationsLactation has an evolutionary origin and biological context within which its secretory processes and milk constituents evolved. This revi...

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“…Amphibian skin contains a very thin stratum corneum that is poorly keratinized (Lillywhite 2006). Therefore, the skin is protected and kept moist by the mucus produced by mucous glands (Li et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of prolactin receptor in the dorsal and ventral skin of the frog (Rana ridibunda)

et al. 2010

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Abstract:The dorsal and ventral skin in amphibians plays an important role in osmoregulation. Prolactin hormone is involved in regulation of amphibian skin functions, such as water and electrolyte balance. Therefore, amphibians may be useful as a model for determining the sites of the prolactin receptor. In this study, prolactin receptor was detected in frog dorsal and ventral skin using immunohistochemical staining method. Prolactin receptor immunoreactivity was localized in all epidermal layers except stratum corneum of dorsal skin epidermis, stratum germinativum layer of ventral skin epidermis, myoepithelial cells, secretory epithelium and secretory channel cells of granular glands in both skin regions. The mucous glands and secretory granules of granular glands did not show immunoreactivity for the prolactin receptor. According to our immunohistochemical results, the more widespread detection of prolactin receptor in dorsal skin epidermis indicates that prolactin is more effective in dorsal skin. Presence of prolactin receptors in epidermis points out its possible osmoregulatory effect. Moreover, detection of receptor immunoreactivity in various elements of poison glands in the dermis of both dorsal and ventral skin regions suggests that prolactin has a regulatory effect in gland functions.

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Water relations of tetrapod integument

Abstract: THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 203 Water relations of tetrapod integumentintegration of characters that determine the water relations of integument per se, as well as the water budget for the whole organism.

Cited by 262 publications

References 190 publications

The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons

The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons

The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins

Localization of prolactin receptor in the dorsal and ventral skin of the frog (Rana ridibunda)

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