Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

Gulamussen, Noor Jehan; Arsénio, André Marques; Matsinhe, Nelson P.; Rietveld, L.C.

doi:10.5194/dwes-12-45-2019

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…FSM is considered an insignificant aspect of environmental sanitation, and discharging FS in water bodies, lagoons, and the environment is regularly considered the normal and proper way of dealing with FS. At the same time, through the utilization of sludge in the reclamation of agricultural land or fertilizer contaminants, their metabolites and transformation products [ 98 ] are circulating in the environment [ 73 , 99 – 102 ]. These substances are toxic; hence, the possibility of causing harm to humans or the environment is rising.…”

Section: Challenges Of Sewerage Systems In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the start of rapid urbanization in the 1980s, China experienced major pollution due to a big amount of sewage being immediately released into rivers; the same was true in most other developing countries [ 129 ]. So far, most African governments, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, have not restricted sewage discharge straight into urban rivers and other environmental compartments [ 100 – 102 ]. In the sewage based on the design of sewage treatment, there is the possibility of further transformation of these substances, possibly into more toxic by-products.…”

Section: Circulation Of Drugs Of Abuse In the Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Ripanda

Rwiza

Nyanza

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Illicit drug abuse and addiction are universal issues requiring international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral solutions. These addictive substances are utilized for recreational purposes worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment facilities such as waste stabilization ponds lack the design to remove the most recent classes of pollutants such as illicit drug abuse. As a result, effluents from these treatment schemes contaminate the entire ecosystem. Public health officials are concerned about detecting these pollutants at alarming levels in some countries, with potential undesirable effects on aquatic species and increased health hazards through exposure to contaminated waters or recycling treated or untreated effluents in agriculture. Contaminants including illicit substances enter the environment by human excreta following illegal intake, spills, or through direct dumping, such as from clandestine laboratories, when their manufacturer does not follow accepted production processes. These substances, like other pharmaceuticals, have biological activity and range from pseudopersistent to highly persistent compounds; hence, they persist in the environment while causing harm to the ecosystem. The presence of powerful pharmacological agents such as cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine in water as complex combinations can impair aquatic organisms and human health. These compounds can harm human beings and ecosystem health apart from their low environmental levels. Therefore, this article examines the presence and levels of illicit substances in ecological compartments such as wastewater, surface and ground waters in sub-Saharan Africa, and their latent impact on the ecosystem. The information on the occurrences of illicit drugs and their metabolic products in the sub-Saharan Africa environment and their contribution to pharmaceutical load is missing. In this case, it is important to research further the presence, levels, distribution, and environmental risks of exposure to human beings and the entire ecosystem.

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Section: Challenges Of Sewerage Systems In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Circulation Of Drugs Of Abuse In the Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Ripanda

Rwiza

Nyanza

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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“…Thus, other drinking and other household water supplies become more accessible by reclaiming water for industrial needs. Reclaimed water has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications, including resource extraction, thermal power plant cooling, chemical manufacture, metal processing, paper mills, and textile manufacturing [10]. However, existing research has multiple limitations in terms of representing stakeholder involvement.…”

Section: Reclaimed Water For Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing hydraulic modelling and Geographical Information System (GIS) in developing a water distribution network for reclaimed water

Adnan

Mustaffa

Jeevaragagam

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Rapid development has increased water demand, combined with population growth, water scarcity, climate change, and rapid economic growth, are driving factors for water reclaim. This paper reviews previous research on developing a water distribution system for delivering reclaimed water in order to mitigate the industry’s growing water demand. As a result, reclaimable wastewater should be identified in order to establish links between urban and industrial infrastructure planning and water reclamation. Correspondingly, it is tasked with the responsibility of developing low-cost water treatment for industrial water reclamation. Simultaneously, a reliable water distribution network is required to deliver reclaimed water. This can be accomplished through the use of hydraulic modelling and GIS to analyse, manage, and develop the water distribution network in response to a growing supply demand. Hydraulic modelling is used to calculate and analyse the demand for the water supply over a specified time period based on daily water use. Additionally, it computing the appropriate parameter for the pipeline in order to deliver an adequate amount of pressure to the consumer efficiently. The developed hydraulic model was then integrated into GIS to facilitate the network layout and visualization of the water distribution system. Apart from that, in order to fully implement the concept of reclaimed water and its delivery via a water distribution system, several factors must be considered, including public acceptance, economic viability, environmental stewardship, technical operation, and health risk.

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“…Industrial reuse is also quite popular in Japan. Reclaimed water is being treated and reuse in Singapore as process and cooling water (Gulamussen et al 2019). In the USA and Mexico, successful cases of reuse of treated water as boiler feed in thermal power plants.…”

Section: Industrial Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of water reuse: a global review with the focus on India

Goyal

Kumar

2021

Water Science and Technology

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The availability of freshwater is evolving as a serious threat to the living community throughout the world due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and rising population. The depletion of groundwater due to excessive water withdrawal and reduced recharge and pollution of the water sources also contribute to this water crisis. The rising pressure on water supplies encourages the use of treated wastewater as an alternative resource. In this study, a global outlook of the developments in water reuse is presented with a focus on the Indian scenario. It can be observed that though there is a scope for water reuse in India owing to the generation of a high volume of wastewater, it is often squandered due to limited research and guidance, and unreliable institutional framework. It is suggested that the reuse of wastewater requires the development of an integrated approach considering all the factors related to technical feasibility, financial viability, and social acceptance together with a guiding management structure that may augment the existing water supplies.

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Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Utilizing hydraulic modelling and Geographical Information System (GIS) in developing a water distribution network for reclaimed water

Development of water reuse: a global review with the focus on India

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