Water Reclamation and Reuse Criteria

Crook, James

doi:10.1061/9780784407417.ch17

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Therefore, treated sewage needs to undergo further treatment to reduce the density of pathogenic bacteria to achieve a favourable sanitary effluent quality (Koivunen et al 2003;Jin et al 2013). Disinfection process of effluents increases the reduction of pathogens for high-quality reuse (Crook 1998;Neis and Blume 2002). The tertiary treatment is able to achieve the guidelines of WHO and US EPA standards for pathogen inactivation.…”

Section: Disinfection Processes Of Sewage-treated Effluentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of pathogenic bacteria from sewage-treated effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes

et al. 2018

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The reuse of treated sewage for irrigation is considered as an important alternative water source in the new water management strategy of the countries that face a severe deficiency of water resources such as the Middle East countries. The organic material and fertilizing elements contained in biosolids are essential for maintaining soil fertility. However, both treated sewage and biosolids contain a large diversity of pathogens that would be transmitted to the environment and infect human directly or indirectly. Therefore, those pathogens should be reduced from the treated sewage and biosolids before the reuse in the agriculture. This paper reviews the considerations for reuse of treated sewage and biosolids in agriculture and further treatments used for reduction of pathogenic bacteria. The treatment methods used for the reduction of pathogens in these wastes have reviewed. It appeared that the main concern associated with the reduction of pathogenic bacteria lies in their ability to regrow in the treated sewage and biosolids. Therefore, the effective treatment method is that it has the potential to destruct pathogens cells and remove the nutrients to prevent the regrowth or recontamination from the surrounded environment. The removal of nutrients might be applicable in the sewage but not in the biosolids due to high nutrient contents. However, the reduction of health risk in the biosolids might be carried out by regulating the biosolid utilization and selecting the plant species grown in the fertilized soil with biosolids.

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Section: Disinfection Processes Of Sewage-treated Effluentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of pathogenic bacteria from sewage-treated effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes

et al. 2018

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“…Table 6. Chemical agents of concern potentially present in municipal wastewater (modified from [24][25][26] From an agronomic point of view, salinity is a control parameter of great interest. The polluting effect of salinity in soil and groundwater is a key issue when reclaimed water is used for golf course irrigation.…”

Section: Issues Related To Physics and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Golf Course Irrigation with Reclaimed Water in the Mediterranean: A Risk Management Matter

Salgot

Priestley

Folch

2012

Water

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Abstract:Controversy regarding the amount of water consumed or saved as a result of human activity is currently paramount in water-scarce areas. In recent decades, golf-a land and water consuming activity-has been implanted in several areas of the Mediterranean basin, where the scarcity of water resources is well-known. As a result, the use of conventional water resources for golf course irrigation is increasingly contested and its replacement by reclaimed water has become essential. This paper examines the wide range of issues involved in its use on golf courses, including hazards-due to the presence of microorganisms and pollutants-and the corresponding risks that can appear. The resulting biological, chemical and physical water quality concerns are analyzed. Legal aspects related to the use of reclaimed water are also discussed and good reuse practices are suggested, including a detailed examination of risk assessment procedures and tools through observation or chemical, physical and microbiological analysis. The HACCP system-which focuses on quality determination in water samples from relevant control points-is described in detail, as it is generally accepted as one of the most scientific ways to detect health problems on a golf course. The paper concludes that, given the increasing availability of treated and reclaimed water and the water needs of golf courses, the future development of the sport in areas without surplus water resources-such as the Mediterranean basin-will predictably depend upon the use of reclaimed water. In recent years, risk assessment or analysis has emerged as an essential tool to guarantee the application of reclaimed water at an acceptable risk level. There certainly have been considerable advances and improvements in the tools OPEN ACCESSWater 2012, 4 390 that guarantee the safe use of reclaimed water, although current methods available require simplification for their practical application. Nevertheless, protocols applied at present seem to be adequate in order to address the key issue of enhancing the development of reclaimed water use on golf courses.

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“…In the US, reclaimed water reuse has been the subject of investigations for several years; the first regulations concerning water reclamation and reuse standards were adopted by the State of California in 1918. At present, there is a lack of federal regulations concerning wastewater reuse in the US, and although several states have their own regulations, these do not cover all potential uses, especially as far as potable reuse is concerned, and different standards exist throughout the country [6]. The US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse [7], which include not only the quality standards for each considered possible reuse but also the recommended treatment processes, the monitoring frequencies and the setback distances, are intended to provide guidance for the different states in the US and countries throughout the world that have not developed their own regulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems and perspectives concerning reclaimed water reuse in urban and agricultural areas

Zanetti¹,

Fiore²

2007

Int. J. SDP

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Reclaimed water reuse is at present encouraged throughout the world with regulations and international agency guidelines. This reuse allows the saving of water resources, a reduction in the use of high value resources for nonpotable purposes and a lower impact of discharged water on rivers. The technological perspectives for water reuse involves the evaluation of the quality standards that are required for different uses, the treatment, transport and distribution costs, and the benefits that can be obtained from the reduction of supply costs for the users. Four significant experiences in refining treatments, performed on reclaimed municipal and industrial wastewaters in the Piedmont area (Northwest Italy), are proposed in this work: a plant in a big town area (SMAT, Castiglione Torinese, Turin), a plant in an industrial area (SMAT, Collegno, Turin), and two plants in a mixed agriculturalindustrial context (AMIAS, Novi Ligure and Cassano Spinola, Alessandria). The four plants have developed different refining technologies, and therefore obtained different effluent qualities, with different treatment costs. The potential users of the refined water from the four plants were carefully evaluated, with particular reference to industrial activities and also considering agricultural reuse, and an economic analysis was performed. The reuse of reclaimed water for nonpotable purposes is a valid solution in case of resource shortages and it is an alternative to the aqueduct supply that has undeniable environmental benefits.

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Water Reclamation and Reuse Criteria

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Removal of pathogenic bacteria from sewage-treated effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes

Removal of pathogenic bacteria from sewage-treated effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes

Golf Course Irrigation with Reclaimed Water in the Mediterranean: A Risk Management Matter

Problems and perspectives concerning reclaimed water reuse in urban and agricultural areas

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