Water Quality Standards, Its Pollution and Treatment Methods

Thatai, Sheenam; Verma, Rohit; Khurana, Parul; Goel, Pallavi; Kumar, Dinesh

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75484-0_2

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Different countries throughout the world are concerned for supplying drinking water requirements due to population growth and depletion of drinking water sources. Water scarcity seriously resulted from increasing environmental pollution has turned water supply and sanitary requirements into one of the main issues of the present world (Thatai et al 2019). Diseases caused by water contamination have led to the death of tens of thousands people around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in water by silver-coated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite: a Box–Behnken design optimization

Asadi

Moeinpour

2019

Appl Water Sci

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The present research studied the antibacterial effect of silver-coated Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles on Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) from water. The effects of pH (6, 7 and 9), disinfectant dose (2, 5 and 10 g/L) and contact time (10, 20 and 30 min) have been also investigated. To obtain important factors, the interactions between factors and optimal experimental design in surface response method were used based on Box-Behnken design. According to the research findings, the system is efficient in eliminating E. coli. The results showed that E. coli elimination efficiency intensified through increasing the amount of nanoparticles from 2 to 10 g/L. The results also demonstrated no significant change in E. coli elimination through pH increasing of 6 to 9. Expanding contact time from 10 to 30 min also heightened E. coli elimination rate. R 2 for E. coli elimination is 0.9994 indicating a good agreement between model experimental data and forecasting data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in water by silver-coated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite: a Box–Behnken design optimization

Asadi

Moeinpour

2019

Appl Water Sci

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“…The acceptable levels of BOD in irrigation water should not exceed 30 mg L -1 (Salameh et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2019); yet, the results obtained herein exceeded this permissible level. Such high BOD values imply rapid depletion of oxygen in water (Thatai et al, 2019). The COD is another important aspect to be considered while evaluating the degree of water pollution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, many countries around the world are enforced towards using low quality water as alternative resources for irrigation to overcome the inadequate water supply (Macedonio et al, 2012) e.g., Egypt (Abdel-Kader and Abdel-Rassoul, 2010, Farid et al, 2014, Ali et al, 2016and Ibrahim et al, 2016. These wastewaters are produced annually in large amounts (Thatai et al, 2019). Although, they are rich in nutrients (Hanjra et al, 2012), however, their high contents of BOD can posses a serious environmental problem (Singh et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect impacts of irrigation with low quality water on the environmental safety

Farid¹,

Abbas²,

Bassouny³

et al. 2019

Egypt.J. Soil Sci.

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Using low quality water for irrigation is probably one of the main reasons for contaminating the arable lands with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), especially within the arid and semiarid regions. On the other hand, most farmers depend thereon on natural inefficient drainage systems to get rid of excess water flows. It was thought that the hydraulic continuities exist, totally or partially, among (a) the underground waters of the arable lands that receive low quality water for irrigation, (b) the underground waters of the nearby lands that use fresh Nile water for irrigation and (c) the sources of fresh water themselves. Therefore, the following assumptions were considered because of their potentially high ecological implications: H1: soil leakage of low quality irrigation water might have negative consequences on the quality of fresh water itself that is used for irrigating the nearby arable lands. H2: concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in irrigation water are probably the main factors controlling their corresponding available and total concentrations in soil. H3: concentrations of PTEs within the edible parts of plants grown on the nearby areas irrigated with fresh water are relatively high and may be considered not suitable for consumption. To investigate the abovementioned hypotheses, irrigation water (fresh Nile, underground and wastewaters), soil and plant samples were collected from three different governorates, i.e. New Salhia (El-Sharqia), ElSaff (Giza) and Meet Kenana (Qualubia). One site from each governorate was selected to represent the arable lands that use fresh Nile water for irrigation while the other sites were irrigated with either the underground water or wastewater solely. Quality of the fresh (Nile) irrigation water used in the studied locations was estimated as class II on the basis of its salinity hazards. The other water samples were estimated to be,according to the same basis, as of potentially high or very high salinity hazards. In case of water sodicity, SAR values did not exceed "13" in nearly most water samples. The BOD and COD values exceeded the acceptable levels (even in the Nile fresh water). Moreover, the measured values in fresh water seemed to be comparable, to some extent, with the corresponding ones estimated for either the underground or wastewaters; accordingly,we accept H1. Concentrations of the PTEs, i.e. Pb, Co and Cd in all the collected water samples, generally, did not exceed the maximum permissible levels (MPLs) recommended by FAO (1994). However, Ni was the only one among the studied PTEs whose concentration exceeded the MPL only in the underground water of New Salhiaduring the summer season. It is worthy to mention that AB-DTPA extractable PTEs were correlated significantly with PTEs concentrations in irrigation water. Also, AB-DTPA extractable PTEs were correlated significantly with their total contents in soil; hence, we partially accept the second hypothesis i.e. H2 Furthermore; concentrations of PTEs in the edible parts of plants irrigated w...

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“…Human and industrial activities can introduce contaminants into the natural environment causing an aquatic ecosystem degradation due to the inadequately treated wastewater release [2]. For example, water bodies like lakes and rivers can be used as a water source for irrigation in agriculture.…”

Section: A Challenge 1: Water Reuse and Water Pollution Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The server used to evaluate the performance is Amazon Elastic cloud Computing EC2. 2 In [56], the adopted approach was based on real-time water quality monitoring using WSN low power-aware context sensing. The area of deployment was in Pamba River in Kerala, India.…”

Section: A On Water Reuse and Monitoring Water Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Management in Agriculture: A Survey on Current Challenges and Technological Solutions

2020

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Water plays a crucial role in the agricultural field for food production and raising livestock. Given the current trends in world population growth, the urgent food demand that must be answered by agriculture highly depends on our ability to efficiently exploit the available water resources. Among critical issues, there is water management. Recently, innovative technologies have improved water management and monitoring in agriculture. Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing, have been used in diverse contexts in agriculture. By focusing on the water management challenge in general, existing approaches are aiming at optimizing water usage, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural crops, while minimizing the need for direct human intervention. This is achieved by smoothing the water monitoring process, by applying the right automation level, and allowing farmers getting connected anywhere and anytime to their farms. There are plenty of challenges in agriculture involving water: water pollution monitoring, water reuse, monitoring water pipeline distribution network for irrigation, drinking water for livestock, etc. Several studies have been devoted to these questions in the recent decade. Therefore, this paper presents a survey on recent works dealing with water management and monitoring in agriculture, supported by advanced technologies. It also discusses some open challenges based on which relevant research directions can be drawn in the future, regarding the use of modern smart concepts and tools for water management and monitoring in the agriculture domain. INDEX TERMS Data analytics, internet of things, smart agriculture, water management, water monitoring, wireless sensor networks. II. FOUR CHALLENGES RELATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE We discuss four important challenges in water use in the agriculture domain (see Fig. 1). Each challenge motivates a significant shift from traditional water management solutions to smarter ones for higher efficiency, via the integration of modern technologies, e.g., WSN and IoT.

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Water Quality Standards, Its Pollution and Treatment Methods

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in water by silver-coated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite: a Box–Behnken design optimization

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in water by silver-coated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite: a Box–Behnken design optimization

Indirect impacts of irrigation with low quality water on the environmental safety

Water Management in Agriculture: A Survey on Current Challenges and Technological Solutions

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