“…They suggest that tree-based algorithms are practical for predicting WQIs. Some studies recommend that ensemble tree-based algorithms such as extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and random forest (RF) are potentially useful for predicting WQIs (Grbčić et al, 2021;Haghiabi et al, 2018a;Islam Khan et al, 2021;Khullar and Singh, 2021). Moreover, researchers successfully applied AI-based algorithms like support vector machine (SVM), least square SVM (LSVM) and artificial neural network for predicting WQIs (Aldhyani et al, 2020;Haghiabi et al, 2018b;Pham et al, 2019;Prasad et al, 2022;Wu and Wang, 2022).…”