Water Quality Parameters and Monitoring Soft Surface Water Quality Using Statistical Approaches

Abstract

Water is the matrix of life and is indispensable on Earth. Water has a multitude of applications and all known life forms depend on it. Therefore, water quality is important for all of us. Water quality can be represented by a set of physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological characteristics. These parameters allow water to be classified in multiple categories leading to its use for a specific purpose. This chapter establishes the connections between external causes and their effect on water quality parameters. In order to provide information on water quality, different Water Quality Index (WQI) models can be used. In order to study the association between water quality parameters, several correlation coefficients have been developed. For a coherent statistical approach, we have used Pearson and Spearman correlations. In order to exemplify the manner in which WQI can be calculated and interpreted, we used a series of data from our previous work, consisting of 13 parameters measured for water samples taken from the Danube River, from Galati City area, Romania.

Evaluation of sensors for continuous monitoring of harmful algal blooms in the Finger Lakes region, New York, 2019 and 2020

“…Two commonly used correlation measures, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r) and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ), were used to reveal the degree of linear or monotonic association between sets of data. Coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was used to describe the amount of variance explained by the linear relation (Helsel and others, 2020;Rousso and others, 2020;Drasovean and Murariu, 2021;Prestigiacomo and others, 2022). For the fluorescence sensors, we assume fluorescence increases when the fluorophore-in this study, chlorophyll and fDOM-increases (monotonic; ρ); however, the relations are not always linear (r and regression; Foster and others, 2022;Booth and others, 2023).…”

The ambient noise level in the city of Galati and surroundings

“…Pearson correlations were also performed between all data series corresponding to the Aweighting filter (Table 3) and separately between all data series on C Channel corresponding to the Cweighting filter (Table 4). The closer Pearson coefficient, r, is to 1, the stronger the correlation between the data series [8].…”

“…In the significance test, p represents the level of confidence factor. The Pearson coefficient has statistical significance only if the value level of confidence factor, p, is smaller than 0.05 [8].…”

Assessment of the Microbial and Physicochemical Quality of Water: Evidence from Selected Groundwater Sources from The Coastal Region of Ondo State, Nigeria

“…Heavy metals including but not limited to cadmium, chromium, cobalt, mercury, and lead can be released into water from various natural or anthropogenic processes. These metals when present in low concentrations are essential for the development of metabolic processes in plants and animals (Drasovean and Murariu, 2021). However, if these metals occur in elevated concentrations, they can exert profound effects on water quality and become toxic and threat to human lives (Drasovean and Murariu, 2021).…”

“…These metals when present in low concentrations are essential for the development of metabolic processes in plants and animals (Drasovean and Murariu, 2021). However, if these metals occur in elevated concentrations, they can exert profound effects on water quality and become toxic and threat to human lives (Drasovean and Murariu, 2021). The population mostly affected by waterborne diseases according to WHO (2022) are infants, young children, the elderly and people with compromised immune system especially when living under unhygienic conditions.…”