Water Quality Monitoring Using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 Satellite Data (2014–2020) in Timsah Lake, Ismailia, Suez Canal Region (Egypt)

Abstract

The present study aims to monitor the water quality in Timsah Lake by satellite data, the largest water body in Ismailia district, Egypt. To achieve this, multi-temporal space-born data of both Landsat-8 OLI- (L1 and L2) and Sentinel-2 (2A and 2B) were used during 2014–2020. The methodologies of Case 2 regional coast colour algorithm and aquatic reflectance were applied for monitoring the physical properties of different water characteristics encompassing chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter (TSM), and aquatic reflectance. Satellite data from dry and wet seasons (2014–2020) were selected to examine seasonal and temporal variation. Comparing water quality through the dry and wet seasons (2014–2020) is to avoid the difference in atmospheric conditions and detect seasonal variations. The present study results have shown that the Western Lagoon and its streams are considered the primary source of pollution. Specifically, lower values are observed during August 2015 for TSM (4–17 g m−3) and chlorophyll-a (2–11 g m−3), while the highest values of TSM (23–50 g m−3) appear during August 2018 and for chlorophyll-a during August 2016–2018 (20–40 g m−3). For the wet season for TSM, the lowest values are observed during 2016 (3–10 g m−3), and the maximum is noticed during 2019 (13–29 g m−3); for the chlorophyll-a, maximum values are observed during 2017 (10–23 g m−3).

Akdeniz bölgesi’ndeki orman yangınlarının uzaktan algılama ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi: Mersin ili Silifke ilçesi örneği

“…Yangının çıktığı zaman dilimi, bölge ve yayılım yönü dikkate alındığında, birçok ev, otel, pansiyon ve işletme boşaltılmıştır. Termal bantlar 100 m mekânsal çözünürlüğe sahiptir ancak L1 ve L2 seviye görüntülerde, yeniden örneklendirilerek 30 m çözünürlükte olmaktadırlar ve çeşitli analizler için kullanılmaktadırlar (Seleem et al, 2022;Arunachalam et al, 2023). Kullanılan veriler ve özellikleri Şekil 2' de gösterilmiştir.…”

Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters by Remote Sensing of Bacalar Lagoon, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

“…Currently, several works make use of multispectral data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 to evaluate water quality and present favorable results for typical water quality parameters [24,[45][46][47]. Taking into account the spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution and mainly the accessibility of the information from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 sensors, they are the most used in the assessment of water quality parameters [16].…”