Water quality effects of intermittent water supply in Arraiján, Panama

Erickson, John; Smith, Charlotte; Goodridge, Amador; Nelson, Kara L.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.009

Cited by 67 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…More specific theories about the causes and effects of IWS abound, overlap, and sometimes conflict, due in part to the diversity of IWS (Galaitsi et al, 2016;Klingel, 2012;Simukonda et al, 2018). Similarly, case studies about IWS find varying and sometimes conflicting results (Erickson et al, 2017;Kumpel & Nelson, 2013). Adjudicating between conflicting theories and credibly generalizing case studies requires a better understanding of the similarities and differences between different IWS and different modes of operating IWS.…”

Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand Satisfaction as a Framework for Understanding Intermittent Water Supply Systems

Taylor

Slocum

Whittle

2019

Water Resources Research

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Nearly one billion people worldwide receive water through piped networks that are not continually pressurized and operate intermittently. The prevalence and persistence of these Intermittent Water Supplies (IWS) is surprising as this mode of operation induces water contamination and customer equity issues. Shortages of source water, customers' water demand, and leaking pipes are frequently cited as necessitating IWS. We propose a framework for understanding the persistence and operation of IWS. The supply system is represented by an average customer and a spatially averaged leakage rate. With this macroscopic hydraulic model, we relate customer demand satisfaction, source water availability, customer demand, and leakage. While this approach ignores the complexities of network topology, we find that the model approximates real systems well (calibrating to four intermittent reference networks achieved R2>0.87). The calibrated model is robust to moderate changes in demand and leakage (maintaining R2>0.81). Using the model, we show that the tipping point between satisfied demand and unsatisfied demand is a local optimum for utilities, which may explain the persistence of IWS. Beyond this point, the volume received by customers does not increase, but utilities must supply more water to the network. The generality of the proposed model enables its use when regulating and upgrading IWS. We demonstrate the latter by critiquing a performance‐based contract that was intended to improve an intermittent supply in India. Demand satisfaction has profound implications for hydraulics and human welfare. We propose the degree of demand satisfaction as a metric for evaluating IWS and for tracking the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6.1.

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Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand Satisfaction as a Framework for Understanding Intermittent Water Supply Systems

Taylor

Slocum

Whittle

2019

Water Resources Research

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“…While a piped system is considered an IWS if it regularly provides fewer than 24 h of water supply per day, the hours of supply that utilities provide and consumers receive can vary substantially within the same system and between systems 5,7,10 . Households near a treatment plant or situated off of a trunk main may receive more hours of supply than those at network extremities, as water may need to flow through the trunk main to reach other areas, and pressures can drop throughout the system from high demand, high elevation, or leakages [12][13][14][15] . The most systematic collection of data on piped water continuity is collected through the World Bank International Benchmarking Network (IBNET), which asks utilities to report their supply in hours per day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing utility-reported hours of piped water supply to households’ experiences

2020

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Piped water supplies that deliver water only intermittently serve more than one billion people around the world. Measuring the continuity of these intermittent water supplies (IWS) is necessary for tracking utility performance and understanding the impact on consumers. We compared reporting of IWS continuity between utility benchmarking data on hours of water supply and households' reports of water outages in piped systems in Peru. Nationally, the estimated population with IWS as reported by households (23-26%) was slightly higher than that reported by utilities (20-21%) from 2010 to 2014. While the national population with IWS was markedly similar between both measures, household-and utility-reported IWS matched in only 2 of the 23 regions of Peru. We examined the influence of varying thresholds of water supply continuity on the results. Our findings highlight a need to reconcile different approaches to monitoring piped water supply continuity.npj Clean Water (2020) 3:6 ; https://doi.

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“…coli is an indicator of fecal contamination of water as a cause or control of diarrhea [24, 25], the epidemiology of intermittent water supplies needs to be better understood [9, 26]. Urban areas in Ethiopia are growing rapidly, with slums covering about 80.0% of Addis Ababa in 2010 [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: A matched case-control study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe problem of intermittent piped water supplies that exists in low- and middle-income countries is particularly severe in the slums of sub-Saharan Africa. However, little is known about whether there is deterioration of the microbiological quality of the intermittent piped water supply at a household level and whether it is a factor in reducing or increasing the occurrence of acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa. This study aimed to determine the association of intermittent piped water supplies and point-of-use (POU) contamination of household stored water by Escherichia coli (E. coli) with acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa.MethodsA community-based matched case-control study was conducted from November to December, 2014. Cases were defined as under-five children with acute diarrhea during the two weeks before the survey. Controls were matched by age and neighborhood with cases by individual matching. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and E. coli analysis of water from piped water supplies and household stored water. A five-tube method of Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 ml standard procedure was used for E. coli analysis. Multivariable conditional logistic regression with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for data analysis by controlling potential confounding effects of selected socio-demographic characteristics.Main findingsDuring the two weeks before the survey, 87.9% of case households and 51.0% of control households had an intermittent piped water supply for an average of 4.3 days and 3.9 days, respectively. POU contamination of household stored water by E. coli was found in 83.3% of the case households, and 52.1% of the control households. In a fully adjusted model, a periodically intermittent piped water supply (adjusted matched odds ratio (adjusted mOR) = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.3–17.8), POU water contamination in household stored water by E. coli (adjusted mOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1–10.1), water retrieved from water storage containers using handle-less vessels (adjusted mOR = 16.3; 95% CI: 4.4–60.1), and water retrieved by interchangeably using vessels both with and without handle (adjusted mOR = 5.4; 95% CI: 1.1–29.1) were independently associated with acute diarrhea.ConclusionWe conclude that provision of continuously available piped water supplies and education of caregivers about proper water retrieval methods of household stored water can effectively reduce POU contamination of water at the household level and thereby reduce acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa. Promotion of household water treatment is also highly encouraged until the City’s water authority is able to deliver continuously available piped water supplies.

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Water quality effects of intermittent water supply in Arraiján, Panama

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

Demand Satisfaction as a Framework for Understanding Intermittent Water Supply Systems

Demand Satisfaction as a Framework for Understanding Intermittent Water Supply Systems

Comparing utility-reported hours of piped water supply to households’ experiences

Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: A matched case-control study

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