Water Quality Considerations Resulting in the Impaired Injectivity of Water Injection and Disposal Wells

Bennion, D.B.; Thomas, F.B.; İmer, Derya Y.; Ma, Tao

doi:10.2118/01-06-05

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Common to all these processes is that water added to a reservoir can cause the release of colloids and fine particles in the rock due to subtle changes in fluid composition [Ryan and Elimelech, 1996] or through shear forces [Tran et al, 2009]; furthermore, surface waterwhich freely percolates into the formation due to gravitational forces or may be injected by force in an industrial process -contains fine particles [McDowell et al, 1986, Bennion et al, 2011 as filtration is uneconomical [Bennion et al, 2011]. Consequently, in case of injected water, certain quality requirements need to be fulfilled, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore-scale analysis of formation damage in Bentheimer sandstone with in-situ NMR and micro-computed tomography experiments

Al-Yaseri

Lebedev

Vogt

et al. 2015

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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Iglauer, Pore-scale analysis of formation damage in Bentheimer sandstone with in-situ NMR and micro-computed tomography experiments, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, http://dx. AbstractWe investigated fines movement through sandstone in-situ at the micrometre pore scale and studied the associated pore-scale mechanisms leading to formation damage. We used two insitu techniques to accomplish this, namely nuclear magnetic resonance T 2 relaxation time (NMR) measurements (of pore size distributions) and high resolution x-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT; at high resolutions of (0.89µm) 3 and (3.4µm) 3 ). The µCT images showed the precise 3D location of the fines particles in the plug and demonstrated that initially pore throats are plugged, followed by filling of adjacent pore bodies by solid particles. These measurements in combination with traditionally used (indirect) permeability and production curve measurements and ex-situ SEM imaging enabled us to propose a new mechanistic pore-scale plugging model; furthermore we demonstrated that the amount of fines trapped decayed rapidly with core depth. We conclude that it is feasible to analyse formation damage in-situ by a combination of NMR and µCT measurements. AbstractWe investigated fines movement through sandstone in-situ at the micrometre pore scale and studied the associated pore-scale mechanisms leading to formation damage. We used two insitu techniques to accomplish this, namely nuclear magnetic resonance T 2 relaxation time (NMR) measurements (of pore size distributions) and high resolution x-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT; at high resolutions of (0.89µm) 3 and (3.4µm) 3 ). The µCT images showed the precise 3D location of the fines particles in the plug and demonstrated that initially pore throats are plugged, followed by filling of adjacent pore bodies by solid particles. These measurements in combination with traditionally used (indirect) permeability and production curve measurements and ex-situ SEM imaging enabled us to propose a new mechanistic pore-scale plugging model; furthermore we demonstrated that the amount of fines trapped decayed rapidly with core depth. We conclude that it is feasible to analyse formation damage in-situ by a combination of NMR and µCT measurements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore-scale analysis of formation damage in Bentheimer sandstone with in-situ NMR and micro-computed tomography experiments

Al-Yaseri

Lebedev

Vogt

et al. 2015

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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“…The rest of this work only defines TDS as materials that are soluble in water and TSS as any suspended solids that can be captured by a filter. [39][40][41]44] TSS is considered a significant issue that reduces water quality and injectivity [41]. TSS' progression through the porous media is a complicated process determined by several factors such as shapes, sizes, the concentration of TSS, the chemical composition of the carrying fluid, the mobilization in the reservoir, and the porosity and pore space in the reservoir.…”

Section: Total Suspended Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of TSS, the various water quality characteristics are described in Section 3. Several studies have previously highlighted water quality as the key to maintain a consistent waterflooding and how the water quality can affect the injection rate of an IWT facility [21,25,26,[38][39][40][41][42][43]. Most of the studies focus on operation design solutions to keep high and consistent water quality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the studies focus on operation design solutions to keep high and consistent water quality. The importance of monitoring the TSS concentration in the process is highlighted in a few studies, e.g., Patton [26], Bennion et al [41], Donham [43], and Ogden [42]. However, none of them address the complexity of analyzing particle morphologies continuously and the considerations when selecting online monitors to increase the water quality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Online Quality Measurements of Total Suspended Solids for Offshore Reinjection: A Review Study

Hansen

Bram

Lauridsen³

et al. 2021

Energies

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The importance and awareness of accurate online water quality measurements increase every year in the oil and gas sector, whether it is for reducing oil discharge, preparing produced water for reinjection, or improving operational performance. For online measurement techniques to yield valuable analytical information, an understanding of their outputs must be established. Produced water reinjection has gained increasing attention in the last decade, as it can minimize negative environmental impacts by reducing oil discharge and has the potential to extend the economic life of reservoirs. To increase the amount of produced water that can be reinjected, the water must be maintained at a sufficient quality to prevent unintended formation damage. This review paper thoroughly describes different water quality issues related to suspended solids that can occur in an injection water treatment system and how the issues are often interlinked. A case study of measuring the total suspended solids concentration of seawater sampled from the Danish sector of the North Sea has been carried out to effectively quantify water quality in an injection water treatment facility. Furthermore, numerous on- and in-line techniques have been evaluated as candidates for measuring suspended solids. The last part of the paper discusses considerations regarding future microscopy analyzers based on five promising online microscopy technologies.

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“…The injection of asphaltenes has shown to plug the porous media in the reservoir to such a degree that some fields in Saudi Arabia have prematurely stopped producing [ 10 ]. The flocculation of asphaltenes and the agglomeration effect of oil on solid particles have been recorded to increase the size of particles hundredfold, compared to what was expected downstream in the treatment process [ 11 ]. Therefore, whether PW is re-injected or discharged, it is essential to maintain a high PW quality for either optimizing the process or controlling the discharge concentration of oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty Analysis of Fluorescence-Based Oil-In-Water Monitors for Oil and Gas Produced Water

Hansen

Jespersen

Bram

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Offshore oil and gas facilities are currently measuring the oil-in-water (OiW) concentration in the produced water manually before discharging it into the ocean, which in most cases fulfills the government regulations. However, as stricter regulations and environmental concerns are increasing over time, the importance of measuring OiW in real-time intensifies. The significant amount of uncertainties associated with manual samplings, that is currently not taken into consideration, could potentially affect the acceptance of OiW monitors and lower the reputation of all online OiW measurement techniques. This work presents the performance of four fluorescence-based monitors on an in-house testing facility. Previous studies of a fluorescence-based monitor have raised concerns about the measurement of OiW concentration being flow-dependent. The proposed results show that the measurements from the fluorescence-based monitors are not or insignificantly flow-dependent. However, other parameters, such as gas bubbles and droplet sizes, do affect the measurement. Testing the monitors’ calibration method revealed that the weighted least square is preferred to achieve high reproducibility. Due to the high sensitivity to different compositions of atomic structures, other than aromatic hydrocarbons, the fluorescence-based monitor might not be feasible for measuring OiW concentrations in dynamic separation facilities with consistent changes. Nevertheless, they are still of interest for measuring the separation efficiency of a deoiling hydrocyclone to enhance its deoiling performance, as the separation efficiency is not dependent on OiW trueness but rather the OiW concentration before and after the hydrocyclone.

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Water Quality Considerations Resulting in the Impaired Injectivity of Water Injection and Disposal Wells

Abstract: FIGURE 1: Potential injection water sources. FIGURE 2: Typical structure of swelling clay. FIGURE 3: Illustration of formation damage due to clay swelling. FIGURE 4: Illustration of the cation stripping process associated with non-equilibrium brine injection.

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Pore-scale analysis of formation damage in Bentheimer sandstone with in-situ NMR and micro-computed tomography experiments

Pore-scale analysis of formation damage in Bentheimer sandstone with in-situ NMR and micro-computed tomography experiments

Online Quality Measurements of Total Suspended Solids for Offshore Reinjection: A Review Study

Uncertainty Analysis of Fluorescence-Based Oil-In-Water Monitors for Oil and Gas Produced Water

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