Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

Ganga River water is very much stressed with the rapidly increasing population, climate change and water pollution that increase domestic, agricultural and industrial needs. This study assesses the surface water quality of the River Ganga in India, using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques. During the current study, water samples from Ganga River were collected for the assessment of 19 physico-chemical determinants from 20 sampling locations. Water quality indices (WQIs) is used to classify the overall impact of different variables of water. Multivariate techniques were utilized to assess the water conditions for productive management of fresh water quality. The WQI results showed that surface water quality varied at the selected sampling sites among medium and good categories. The PCA generates the 6 principle components which highly contributes (80.3%) in influencing the hydro-chemistry of river water. Agricultural waste runoff, untreated effluents and many other anthropogenic activities were identified as main contributor in decreasing the water quality of the River Ganga. To maintain and protect this fresh water resources against contamination, the usage of stringent policies and rules are expected to preserve fresh water resources for people in the future.

An overview of water quality indices as promising tools for assessing the quality of water resources

“…in Indian rivers such as river Ganga (Kamboj and Kamboj, 2019;Matta et al, 2020), Yamuna river (Sargoankar and Deshpande, 2003) and Kirmir Basin, Turkey (Dede et al, 2013) for assessing the water quality status.…”

Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies

“…This method demonstrated the effect of pollution on water quality parameters. This method is applied in Indian rivers such as river Ganga Matta et al, 2020), Yamuna river (Sargoankar and Deshpande, 2003) and Kirmir Basin, Turkey (Dede et al, 2013) for assessing the water quality status.…”

Multivariate statistics and entropy theory for irrigation water quality and entropy-weighted index development in a subtropical urban river, Bangladesh

“…In this way, top-notch harvests must be yielded by high-quality irrigation water as it is straightforwardly associated with soil and plant environment (Singh et al 2018). Therefore, timely monitoring, appraising, and forecasting of probable variations in water quality are required (Matta et al 2020;Islam et al 2020a).…”

“…In this way, top-notch harvests must be yielded by high-quality irrigation water as it is straightforwardly associated with soil and plant environment (Singh et al 2018). Therefore, timely monitoring, appraising, and forecasting of probable variations in water quality are required (Matta et al 2020;Islam et al 2020a). Generally, simultaneous measurement of physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters is essential for a comprehensive surface water quality appraisal.…”

“…Besides, the random forest model and Moran's spatial autocorrelation have been applied to examine the factor/parameter contributing to the IWQIs and their spatial patterns. Although some recent combination techniques present a reasonable outcome of surface water quality appraisal (Ewaid et al 2019;Matta et al 2020;Hasan et al 2020;Yotova et al 2021;Wu et al 2021), such technique is yet scarce in Bangladesh. This study contributes to close this gap in the literature.…”