Water Quality Assessment of Begnas and Rupa Lakes, Lesser Himalaya Pokhara, Nepal

Pant, Ramesh Raj; Pal, Khadka Bdr.; Adhikari, Nilaramba; Adhikari, Subash; Mishra, Akkal Dev

doi:10.3126/jie.v15i2.27655

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…14, No. 14, February 2021 prosperity 5,6 . The contaminations in the lake water are mainly due to natural geogenic and anthropic activities including domestic, industrial, and municipal effluents and agricultural runoff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical Assessment Of Jhilmila Lake, Kanchanpur, Nepal

et al. 2021

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Freshwater contamination remains a challenging issue for the sustainable management of wetland ecosystems. This study aims to evaluate the water quality of Jhilmila Lake, Kanchanpur, Nepal by adopting standard test procedures, geochemical indices, and multivariate statistical analysis. The surface water samples were collected during the postmonsoon season in 2018 to assess the hydrochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium (NH4+ ), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and total hardness (TH). The EC ranged from 162-190 µS/cm while TDS was 87-101 mg/L. The concentration of DO in the lake was in the range of 4.77-6.21 mg/L, indicated mild organic pollution. Moreover, the results revealed the moderate alkaline nature of water with the pattern of average ionic dominance of Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+ >K+>NH4+ for cations, and HCO3˗> Cl-> SO42- > NO3- > PO43- for anions. The principal component analysis demonstrated four major components indicating the association of EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- ; Na+ , PO43- and SO42-; NO3- and K+ ; and Cl- for PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4, respectively exhibiting both the geogenic and anthropic origin. Overall, the Jhilmila Lake was less polluted, and all the measured water quality parameters were found within permissible limits in terms of drinking purposes. The findings of this study could help for the sustainable management of the lake by providing better insights into the water quality and hydrochemistry of the lake.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical Assessment Of Jhilmila Lake, Kanchanpur, Nepal

et al. 2021

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“…The seasonal variation of WQI showed comparatively better quality during the summer season. The less contamination in lake water during the summer season might be due to the rise in water level, which causes the chemical dilution (Pant et al, 2019b). During both seasons, P9 had the highest WQI (7.12 and 5.37 during the winter and summer seasons, respectively) indicating the anthropic interferences, including hotels and polluted areas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has a surface area of 4.35 km 2 and a maximum depth of 22.5 m (Sharma et al, 2015). The region has a humid climatic condition with a maximum temperature peak at 25.5°C in July-August and falls to a minimum at 13.2°C in January (Pant & Adhikari, 2015;Pant et al, 2019b). It has a watershed area of ~150 km 2 .…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aquatic buffer areas including undisturbed vegetation, natural land topography, and swampy areas, have a great role in neutralizing the pollutants by detoxification of its natural processes (Singh et al, 2016). Likewise, the wetland ecosystems have a vital role in improving the water quality (Pant & Adhikari, 2015;Sharma et al, 2015;Pant et al, 2019b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water quality and land use/cover changes in the Phewa Watershed, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Bishwakarma

Pant

Pal

et al. 2019

Nep Jnl Environ Sci

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Knowledge and understanding of land use and water quality nexus is an important precursor for assessing the human-water interactions and sustainable freshwater management. In this study, the land use/cover change (LUCC) and water quality assessment with respect to drinking and irrigational purposes were carried out in Phewa Lake, Nepal. A total of 20 water samples were collected during the winter and summer seasons in 2017 and were analysed for major hydrochemical variables. The water quality index of Phewa Lake was found to be 5.15 and 2.57 during the winter and summer, respectively, indicating the suitability of water for drinking purposes. The results revealed that the electrical conductivity, sodium percentage, and sodium adsorption ratio were found to be 38.80 µS/cm, 16.99, and 0.10, respectively in the summer and 85.06 µS/cm, 14.68, and 0.15, respectively in the winter. Similarly, permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium hazard, cation ratio of soil structural stability, and Wilcox diagram exhibited that the water was suitable for irrigation in both seasons with relatively better quality in the summer. The dynamic pattern of LUCC in the Phewa watershed exhibited an increase in the spatial extent of forest, shrub-land, grassland, and built-up area, whereas decreasing trend of agricultural land, barren land, and water bodies. Irrespective of the seasonality, the LUCC-water quality nexus showed elevated concentrations in the proximity of the urban settlements. The present study could be helpful for the restoration of water quality by sustainable land-use practices in the Himalayan region.

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“…Various studies have been performed to assess the water quality and hydrochemistry of the lakes in Nepal and linked to local geology, climate and other environmental factors. Some of the works conducted in different lakes including Nagdaha [6]; Nainital, Sattal, Bhimtal and Naukuchiyatal [10]; Renuka lake [11]; Sella and Tsokyo Tso [12]; Begnas and Rupa [13]; Suraj, Sissu, Chandra and Deepak lakes [14]; Mansar [15]; Betkot lake [16] and Lake Qinghai catchments [17] exhibited the impacts of anthropogenic activities and global climate change on the hydrogeochemical dynamics. The Beeshazar and associated lakes are one of the major sources of water for drinking and irrigation purposes in the low land area of Central Nepal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical assessment of the Beeshazar and associated lakes in Central Nepal

et al. 2021

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Water quality deterioration has threatened aquatic life around the world including Nepal, which has been a serious issue for environmental sustainability and economic development. This study evaluated and interpreted hydrochemical parameters of the Beeshazar and associated lakes in Central Himalaya, Nepal. The study revealed that the water in the lake was slightly alkaline as the average pH was 7.52. The correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) identified both geogenic and anthropogenic processes as the controlling factors of hydrochemistry whereas the cluster analysis (CA) showed relatively more pollution in the associated Laxmi Lake. Also, the water quality index (WQI) classified the water as “good” for drinking purposes (i.e., WQI = 33.90), while the pollution index (PI) values were characterized as sub-cleanness and slightly polluted. In general, both the WQI and PI signify that water in the lake complex is currently safe for drinking purposes. It is further confirmed from the comparative analysis of chemical variables with other lakes in the region, WHO and national water quality guidelines for aqua culture that the most of the analyzed water parameters exhibited relatively low concentrations and were within the prescribed guidelines. However, the elevated concentrations of NO3− and PO43− may pose serious problems for retaining water quality in the future. The results could be considered for future planning and management of the Ramsar Lakes of the lowland areas in the Himalaya and also as a valuable reference for the freshwater researchers at the national and international levels.

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Water Quality Assessment of Begnas and Rupa Lakes, Lesser Himalaya Pokhara, Nepal

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Hydrochemical Assessment Of Jhilmila Lake, Kanchanpur, Nepal

Hydrochemical Assessment Of Jhilmila Lake, Kanchanpur, Nepal

Water quality and land use/cover changes in the Phewa Watershed, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Hydrochemical assessment of the Beeshazar and associated lakes in Central Nepal

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