Water Permeation through Elastomers and Plastics

Abstract

The available data on permeability, diffusivity, and solubility of water and water vapor through elastomers and plastics have been summarized. In many ways, the last five years have been a relatively dormant period, following the previous fifteen years when most theories and experimental data were generated. From a practical and technical viewpoint, knowledge of permeation, diffusion, and solution behavior is essential for the successful design and use of many products, such as packaging films and other protective coatings. This knowledge had an immediate impact on the development of efficient permselective membranes to satisfy the exacting conditions required for use as media for reverse osmosis desalination, artificial kidney and lung components, and for other precise separations of multicomponent penetrant mixtures. The interdependence of polymer structure and transport behavior—a major factor affecting the ultimate properties of films and membranes—is of increasing importance as our ability to control polymer synthesis and characterize polymer structure has become more precise and predictable. It is to be expected that even more dramatic progress in membrane technology will result from the ever quickening pace of research in related areas of science spurred on by the increased awareness of the present and potential importance of membrane phenomena. There are two serious and pandemic problems which plague researchers in the field of transport of water through elastomers and plastics. One of these is that a variety of techniques are used to measure permeability that cannot be compared to one another. The second is that the composition of the membrane is often not reported precisely in the published data.

Transport properties of crosslinked acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blends

“…The permeability coefficient (P), which implies the net effect of sorption and diffusion, is given by the relation 36 :…”

“…As NBR is added to EVA, the crystallinity is reduced and the equilibrium uptake increases accordingly. Volume fraction of rubber in the solvent swollen sample was calculated using the equation 36 :…”

Guidelines to achieve seals with minimal leak rates for HWR-NPR coolant system components

“…Workers in Canada, 7 5 -87 France, 8 8 -89 England,90 Germany, 9 1 -92 Japan, 9 3 and the U.S.94-0 have sponsored work to increase the effectiveness of stem packing. Three manufacturers have worked in this area, Velan Manufacturing Co., 85 ,90 Latty International, France, 8 8 -8 9 and Rockwell International.…”

Gas barrier efficiency of clay- and graphene-poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) nanocomposite membranes evidenced by a quantum resistive vapor sensor cell

“…Owing to these reasons, extensive works were done on the solvent barrier properties of various polymer-solvent systems. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] On the other hand, classical techniques to measure diffusion properties require demanding preparation and are often time consuming.…”

“…VOL 1 NO 2 organic compound among the most common laboratory reagents, was chosen to demonstrate the efficiency of the vQRS cell to discriminate between fillers' dispersion at the micro-and nanoscales in composite membranes. Through the determination of gas barrier properties, this technique can be used indirectly to evaluate the efficiency of fillers or macromolecules' functionalization to enhance interatomic/intermolecular interactions, the dispersion state and aspect ratio the filler's once dispersed in the matrix.…”